Table 2.

Themes and subthemes.

Themes	Subthemes
Experienced-based pain assessment shaped by children's active communication	Children's active role in pain communication
	Pain assessment guided by experience rather than routine process
Prioritizing pain management and barriers faced	Prioritizing effective pain management
	Barriers to paediatric pain management (medication and assessment)
Blending compassion, flexibility, and cultural practices	Integrating compassion and flexibility in pain management beyond protocols
	Cultural resonance in pain relief: the impact of soothing traditions on crying
	Empowering families through pain management
Health care providers proactive strategies and sensitivity in pediatric pain management	Clinician assessment and strategies in paediatric pain management
	High sensitivity and prompt response to paediatric pain by nurses