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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jul 22.
Published before final editing as: Early Educ Dev. 2025 Jul 22:10.1080/10409289.2025.2521246. doi: 10.1080/10409289.2025.2521246

Table 2.

Mean School Readiness Scores (Standard Deviation) by Language Dominance Group

English-dominant (n = 59) Balanced (n = 200) Spanish-dominant (n = 56)

Raw Standard Raw Standard Raw Standard

CELF-PA Fall
 English 5.66 (6.12) - 4.20 (5.10) - 3.36 (4.63) -
 Spanish 1.83 (2.91) - 3.20 (3.60) - 2.98 (3.00) -
CELF-PA Spring
 English 8.79 (6.45) - 7.77 (6.33) - 6.59 (6.43) -
 Spanish 4.81 (4.20) - 5.93 (4.58) - 5.95 (4.03) -
Woodcock-LWI Fall
 English 6.53 (3.51) 98.16 (10.98) 5.76 (3.89) 94.06 (12.74) 4.84 (3.81) 90.70 (13.67)
 Spanish 1.86 (1.41) 90.69 (10.86) 2.63 (2.43) 93.55 (11.08) 2.53 (1.56) 94.39 (11.69)
Woodcock-LWI Spring
 English 10.31 (3.56) 103.22 (10.32) 9.27 (4.58) 98.30 (13.02) 7.70 (4.88) 94.14 (13. 82)
 Spanish 2.14 (1.54) 87.07 (10.82) 3.22 (2.36) 90.62 (10.91) 3.61 (2.72) 92.61 (12.17)
NSS Fall
 English 9.98 (3.91) - 8.49 (4.01) - 5.72 (4.70) -
 Spanish - - 7.02 (4.27) - 9.40 (2.96) -
NSS Spring
 English 11.52 (2.89) - 10.62 (3.53) - 9.06 (4.29) -
 Spanish - - 7.67 (5.05) - 10.52 (3.47) -
Woodcock-AP Fall
 English 8.31 (4.52) 95.78 (13.68) 7.07 (4.15) 91.13 (11.85) 5.16 (4.26) 84.75 (13.88)
 Spanish 3.59 (3.99) 75.41 (16.02) 6.54 (4.01) 86.59 (13.17) 7.41 (4.21) 89.37 (13.69)
Woodcock-AP Spring
 English 11.84 (4.17) 100.37 (11.49) 10.70 (4.50) 95.03 (11.73) 10.75 (4.65) 96.21 (11.47)
 Spanish 6.14 (4.95) 79.44 (19.93) 9.19 (4.41) 88.86 (14.42) 10.09 (3.96) 92.59 (11.25)

Note. PA = Phonological Awareness, LWI = Letter-Word Identification, NSS = Narrative Scoring Scheme, AP = Applied Problems; The CELF-PA subtest and NSS generate raw scores only