Table 2:
Variable Descriptions and Descriptive Statistics (N = 1,808)
| Variable Name | Description | Mean (%) | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | |||
| Documented gang activity | Youth documented as a gang member | 22.00 | |
| Escalation into Adult System | Youth arrested as adult | 47.00 | |
| Level of Exposure | |||
| Gang Exposure Index (0–3) | Exposure to gang and criminal involved family and peers. | 0.37 | 0.67 |
| Exposure to criminal legal circles (0–4) | Exposure to criminal involved family and peers. | 1.38 | 1.04 |
| Type of Exposure | |||
| Father’s criminal justice involvement | Father had contact with criminal justice system | 19.00 | |
| Father criminal justice & gang involved | Father documented as gang member | 9.00 | |
| Mother’s criminal justice involvement | Mother had documented contact with the criminal justice system | 15.00 | |
| Same generation criminal justice involved | Sibling or cousin had contact with the criminal justice system | 27.00 | |
| Same generation criminal justice & gang involved | Sibling or cousin documented as a gang member | 8.00 | |
| Peer criminal justice involved | Peers had contact with the criminal justice system | 41.00 | |
| Peer criminal justice & gang involved | Peers were documented as a gang member | 19.00 | |
| School | |||
| Significant school attachment | Youth had significant attachments, beliefs, commitment, and/or involvement in school | 48.00 | |
| Total school disruptions | Number of school disruptions recorded by system personnel | 0.50 | 0.80 |
| Family | |||
| Poor family supervision | Family is unaware where the youth goes and with whom | 44.00 | |
| Dependency referral | Youth had been involved in a child dependency case | 23.00 | |
| Individual Characteristics | |||
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| Youth identifies as White | 42.00 | ||
| Youth identifies as African American | 34.00 | ||
| Youth identifies as Hispanic | 18.00 | ||
| Youth identifies as Native American or Other | 6.00 | ||
| Impulsive behavior | Youth has exhibited a pattern of impulsivity combined with aggressive behavior | 29.00 | |
| Age of first criminal referral | Age at first criminal referral | 14.45 | 1.63 |
| Total juvenile criminal referrals | Number of criminal referrals before turning 18 | 5.05 | 4.30 |
| Total days spent in detention | Number of days a youth spent in detention within the juvenile legal system | 44.93 | 67.26 |
| Weapons crime charge ever | Youth had a weapon charge before turning 18 years old | 20.00 | |
| Years Since 18th Birthday | Number of years since a youth’s 18th birthday | 10.77 | 3.72 |