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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Mar 24.
Published before final editing as: J Crime Justice. 2025 Mar 24:10.1080/0735648X.2025.2482264. doi: 10.1080/0735648X.2025.2482264

Table 3.

Bivariate logistic regression models predicting gang membership and adult correctional supervision N = 1808

Independent variable Documented Gang Activity Adult Correctional Supervision

Exposure Index OR SE OR SE
Exposure to gang circles 1.85 *** 0.06 1.66 *** 0.05
Exposure to criminal legal circles 3.93 *** 0.09 1.86 *** 0.08
Type of Exposure
Father criminal justice system involved 1.31 0.15 1.54 ** 0.12
Father criminal justice & gang involved 5.03 *** 0.17 2.41 *** 0.17
Mother criminal justice system involved 1.52 ** 0.15 1.45 ** 0.13
Same generation criminal justice system 1.74 ** 0.08 1.88 ** 0.11
Same generation criminal justice & gang involved 6.79 *** 0.19 3.04 *** 0.19
Peers criminal justice system involved 1.44 * 0.15 1.91 * 0.11
Peers criminal justice & gang involved 8.26 *** 0.16 3.27 *** 0.14

Notes: OR = Odds Ratio; SE=Standard Error for ln(OR);

p < .10

*

p≤.05

**

p≤.01

***

p≤.001