Table 2.
Meta-analysis findings for the effect of probiotics and synbiotics supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults with prediabetes
| No. of studies | WMD (95%CI) | P-value | Heterogeneity | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P heterogeneity | I2 | ||||
| Fasting blood glucose (FBG) (mg/dL) | |||||
| Overall effect | 6 | -2.15 (-4.98, 0.67) | 0.135 | 0.008 | 67.8% |
| Trial duration (week) | |||||
| < 12 | 1 | -1.37 (-5.09, 2.35) | 0.471 | - | - |
| ≥ 12 | 5 | -2.30 (-5.79, 1.18) | 0.196 | 0.004 | 73.9% |
| Intervention type | |||||
| Probiotic | 4 | -2.46 (-5.32, 0.40) | 0.092 | 0.175 | 39.4% |
| Synbiotic | 2 | -2.02 (-9.07, 5.01) | 0.573 | 0.002 | 89.8% |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| Overweight (25-29.9) | 3 | -4.31 (-7.02, -1.59) | 0.002* | 0.168 | 43.9% |
| Obese (> 30) | 3 | 0.89 (-1.45, 3.23) | 0.457 | 0.642 | 0.0% |
| Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (%) | |||||
| Overall effect | 5 | -0.16 (-0.25, -0.07) | < 0.001* | 0.896 | 0.0% |
| Trial duration (week) | |||||
| < 12 | 1 | -0.13 (-0.27, 0.01) | 0.079 | - | - |
| ≥ 12 | 4 | -0.17 (-0.29, -0.06) | 0.002* | 0.842 | 0.0% |
| Intervention type | |||||
| Probiotic | 3 | -0.15 (-0.26, -0.03) | 0.008* | 0.852 | 0.0% |
| Synbiotic | 2 | -0.17 (-0.31, -0.02) | 0.019* | 0.396 | 0.0% |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| Overweight (25-29.9) | 3 | -0.17 (-0.26, -0.07) | < 0.001* | 0.730 | 0.0% |
| Obese (> 30) | 2 | -0.08 (-0.32, 0.14) | 0.469 | 0.883 | 0.0% |
| Fasting insulin (FI) (mIU/mL) | |||||
| Overall effect | 6 | -0.43 (-1.76, 0.90) | 0.526 | 0.390 | 4.1% |
| Trial duration (week) | |||||
| < 12 | 1 | -0.00 (-2.11, 2.11) | 1.000 | - | - |
| ≥ 12 | 5 | -0.54 (-2.45, 1.36) | 0.574 | 0.293 | 19.2% |
| Intervention type | |||||
| Probiotic | 4 | -0.02 (-1.74, 1.68) | 0.974 | 0.314 | 15.5% |
| Synbiotic | 2 | -1.47 (-3.94, 1.00) | 0.243 | 0.388 | 0.0% |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| Overweight (25-29.9) | 3 | -0.79 (-2.20, 0.61) | 0.271 | 0.565 | 0.0% |
| Obese (> 30) | 3 | 1.25 (-2.49, 4.99) | 0.513 | 0.267 | 24.3% |
| Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), | |||||
| Overall effect | 5 | -0.32 (-0.68, 0.05) | 0.090 | 0.386 | 3.6% |
| Trial duration (week) | |||||
| < 12 | 1 | -0.13 (-0.27, 0.01) | 0.079 | - | - |
| ≥ 12 | 4 | -0.17 (-0.29, -0.06) | 0.002* | 0.842 | 0.0% |
| Intervention type | |||||
| Probiotic | 3 | -0.15 (-0.26, -0.03) | 0.008* | 0.852 | 0.0% |
| Synbiotic | 2 | -0.17 (-0.31, -0.02) | 0.019* | 0.396 | 0.0% |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| Overweight (25-29.9) | 3 | -0.17 (-0.26, -0.07) | < 0.001* | 0.730 | 0.0% |
| Obese (> 30) | 2 | -0.08 (-0.32, 0.14) | 0.469 | 0.883 | 0.0% |
| Trigeliceryds (TG) (mg/dL) | |||||
| Overall effect | 6 | -5.53 (-27.05, 15.97) | 0.614 | < 0.001 | 90.2% |
| Baseline TG (mg/dL) | |||||
| < 150 | 2 | -5.47 (-64.97, 54.02) | 0.857 | < 0.001 | 95.3% |
| ≥ 150 | 4 | -6.42 (-24.87, 12.03) | 0.495 | 0.023 | 68.6% |
| Trial duration (week) | |||||
| < 12 | 1 | 23.60 (18.27, 28.92) | < 0.001* | - | - |
| ≥ 12 | 5 | 12.11 (-30.59, 6.37) | 0.199 | 0.005 | 73.1% |
| Intervention type | |||||
| Probiotic | 4 | -3.66 (-29.40, 22.06) | 0.780 | < 0.001 | 90.6% |
| Synbiotic | 2 | -9.34 (-55.00, 36.32) | 0.688 | 0.003 | 88.7% |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| Overweight (25-29.9) | 3 | -14.31 (-60.66, 32.04) | 0.545 | < 0.001 | 95.3% |
| Obese (> 30) | 3 | 2.06 (-9.24, 13.36) | 0.721 | 0.370 | 0.0% |
| Total cholesterol (TC) (mg/dL) | |||||
| Overall effect | 5 | -1.92 (-12.85, 9.01) | 0.730 | 0.002* | 76.5% |
| Baseline TC (mg/dL) | |||||
| < 200 | 2 | 5.50 (2.22, 8.79) | 0.001 | 0.808 | 0.0% |
| ≥ 200 | 3 | -7.89 (-24.16, 8.37) | 0.342 | 0.052 | 66.3% |
| Trial duration (week) | |||||
| < 12 | 1 | 5.61 (2.22, 8.99) | 0.001* | - | - |
| ≥ 12 | 4 | -4.75 (-18.20, 8.70) | 0.489 | 0.029 | 66.8% |
| Intervention type | |||||
| Probiotic | 4 | 1.36 (-9.32, 12.06) | 0.802 | 0.023 | 68.6% |
| Synbiotic | 1 | -15.30 (-29.21, -1.38) | 0.031 | - | - |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| Overweight (25-29.9) | 3 | -7.58 (-24.64, 9.47) | 0.384 | < 0.001 | 87.6% |
| Obese (> 30) | 2 | 6.78 (-4.87, 18.44) | 0.254 | 0.419 | 0.0% |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (mg/dL) | |||||
| Overall effect | 6 | 1.40 (-3.10, 5.90) | 0.542 | 0.149 | 38.6% |
| Trial duration (week) | |||||
| < 12 | 1 | 3.76 (0.92, 6.59) | 0.009* | - | - |
| ≥ 12 | 5 | -0.05 (-6.01, 5.91) | 0.987 | 0.222 | 30.0% |
| Intervention type | |||||
| Probiotic | 4 | 3.60 (0.98, 6.22) | 0.007 | 0.514 | 0.0% |
| Synbiotic | 2 | -3.52 (-12.46, 5.40) | 0.439 | 0.189 | 41.9% |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| Overweight (25-29.9) | 3 | -0.92 (-8.09, 6.25) | 0.802 | 0.035 | 70.2% |
| Obese (> 30) | 3 | 5.08 (-2.40, 12.57) | 0.183 | 0.617 | 0.0% |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (mg/dL) | |||||
| Overall effect | 6 | 1.63 (0.26, 3.01) | 0.020* | 0.084 | 48.5% |
| Baseline HDL (mg/dL) | |||||
| < 50 | 5 | 1.92 (0.51, 3.33) | 0.008* | 0.127 | 44.2% |
| ≥ 50 | 1 | 0.00 (-2.92, 2.92) | 1.000 | - | - |
| Trial duration (week) | |||||
| < 12 | 1 | 2.69 (1.99, 3.38) | < 0.001* | - | - |
| ≥ 12 | 5 | 0.98 (-0.47, 2.44) | 0.186 | 0.335 | 12.4% |
| Intervention type | |||||
| Probiotic | 4 | 2.42 (1.27, 3.57) | < 0.001* | 0.295 | 19.1% |
| Synbiotic | 2 | 0.11 (-1.75, 1.98) | 0.903 | 0.940 | 0.0% |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| Overweight (25-29.9) | 3 | 2.48 (1.53, 3.43) | < 0.001* | 0.343 | 6.5% |
| Obese (> 30) | 3 | 1.13 (-1.10, 3.37) | 0.322 | 0.139 | 49.3% |
| Systolic blood pressure (SBP) (mmHg) | |||||
| Overall effect | 3 | -2.24 (-8.47, 3.99) | 0.480 | < 0.001 | 93.0% |
| Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (mmHg) | |||||
| Overall effect | 3 | -1.11 (-3.04, 0.82) | 0.260 | 0.077 | 60.9% |
| Body weight (BW) (kg) | |||||
| Overall effect | 3 | 0.30 (-3.09, 3.69) | 0.861 | 0.966 | 0.0% |
| Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) | |||||
| Overall effect | 6 | -0.20 (-0.79, 0.39) | 0.510 | 0.993 | 0.0% |
| Trial duration (week) | |||||
| < 12 | 1 | 0.00 (-2.17, 2.17) | 1.000 | - | - |
| ≥ 12 | 5 | -0.21 (-0.83, 0.40) | 0.493 | 0.980 | 0.0% |
| Intervention type | |||||
| Probiotic | 4 | -0.12 (-0.91, 0.66) | 0.759 | 0.945 | 0.0% |
| Synbiotic | 2 | -0.30 (-1.20, 0.60) | 0.516 | 1.000 | 0.0% |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| Overweight (25-29.9) | 4 | -0.29 (-0.96, 0.36) | 0.380 | 1.000 | 0.0% |
| Obese (> 30) | 2 | 0.18 (-1.13, 1.51) | 0.780 | 0.830 | 0.0% |
ES effect size, CI Confidence interval, WMD weighted mean differences, TG Triglycerides, TX total cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, FBG fasting blood glucose, FI fasting insulin, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, BW body weight, BMI and body mass index