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. 2025 Aug 8;15:1623109. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1623109

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Copyright © 2025 Wei, Xu, Yang, Zhang, Wang and Wan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Four panels displaying variable importance using different models. Panel A shows a scatter plot with MeanDecreaseGini on the x-axis. Panel B is a bar chart for Lasso Regression with Odds Ratio on the x-axis. Panel C presents boxplots for variable importance with importance values on the y-axis. Panel D is a bar chart for XGBoost features with importance on the x-axis. Each panel highlights different features contributing to model predictions. — The variables selected by the four methods were sorted by importance. (A) RF; (B) Lasso; (C) Boruta; (D) XGBoost;.