Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics according to anxiolytic drugs
| Name | Levels | Non-PD (n = 191686) | PD(n = 1836) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | Mean ± SD | 71.97 ± 8.02 | 78.52 ± 5.42 | <0.001 |
| Sex | Female | 107,714 (56.2%) | 692 (37.7%) | <0.001 |
| Male | 83,972 (43.8%) | 1144 (62.3%) | ||
| Ethnicity | Non-white | 8478 (4.4%) | 47 (2.6%) | <0.001 |
| White | 183,208 (95.6%) | 1789 (97.4%) | ||
| Education | College | 63,133 (32.9%) | 532 (29%) | <0.001 |
| Non-College | 128,553 (67.1%) | 1304 (71%) | ||
| Alcohol intake | 0 | 35,877 (18.7%) | 428 (23.3%) | <0.001 |
| 1 | 21,973 (11.5%) | 172 (9.4%) | ||
| 2 | 50,941 (26.6%) | 449 (24.5%) | ||
| 3 | 45,265 (23.6%) | 399 (21.7%) | ||
| 4 | 37,630 (19.6%) | 388 (21.1%) | ||
| Smoking status | Never | 108,019 (56.4%) | 1001 (54.5%) | <0.001 |
| Previous | 65,028 (33.9%) | 726 (39.5%) | ||
| Current | 18,639 (9.7%) | 109 (5.9%) | ||
| BMI | 18.5–24.9 | 60,177 (31.4%) | 462 (25.2%) | <0.001 |
| <18.5 | 861 (0.4%) | 10 (0.5%) | ||
| 25–29.9 | 82,809 (43.2%) | 872 (47.5%) | ||
| >30 | 47,839 (25%) | 492 (26.8%) | ||
| TDI | Mean ± SD | −1.43 ± 2.97 | −1.50 ± 2.97 | 0.322 |
| PRS | Mean ± SD | −0.15 ± 1.02 | 0.24 ± 1.01 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | Yes | 54,452 (28.4%) | 952 (51.9%) | <0.001 |
| Coffee intake | 0 | 42,438 (22.1%) | 381 (20.8%) | 1.000 |
| 0–2 | 87,726 (45.8%) | 916 (49.9%) | ||
| 2–4 | 39,780 (20.8%) | 341 (18.6%) | ||
| >4 | 21,742 (11.3%) | 198 (10.8%) | ||
| Migraine | Yes | 13,184 (6.9%) | 90 (4.9%) | 0.001 |
| Depression | Yes | 27,580 (14.4%) | 483 (26.3%) | <0.001 |
| Sleep disorder | Yes | 10,657 (5.6%) | 195 (10.6%) | <0.001 |
| SSRIs | 0 | 155,512 (81.1%) | 1303 (71%) | <0.001 |
| 0–5 | 11,378 (5.9%) | 142 (7.7%) | ||
| 5–10 | 6750 (3.5%) | 104 (5.7%) | ||
| >10 | 18,046 (9.4%) | 287 (15.6%) | ||
| TCAs | 0 | 155,521 (81.1%) | 1360 (74.1%) | <0.001 |
| 0–5 | 22,527 (11.8%) | 236 (12.9%) | ||
| 5–10 | 4584 (2.4%) | 76 (4.1%) | ||
| >10 | 9054 (4.7%) | 164 (8.9%) | ||
| BDZs | 0 | 165,129 (86.1%) | 1389 (75.7%) | <0.001 |
| 0–5 | 22,319 (11.6%) | 291 (15.8%) | ||
| 5–10 | 2296 (1.2%) | 42 (2.3%) | ||
| >10 | 1942 (1%) | 114 (6.2%) | ||
| SNRIs | 0 | 186,025 (97%) | 1731 (94.3%) | <0.001 |
| 0–5 | 2389 (1.2%) | 31 (1.7%) | ||
| 5–10 | 927 (0.5%) | 17 (0.9%) | ||
| >10 | 2345 (1.2%) | 57 (3.1%) |
Alcohol intake: 0: Never drink or only drink on special occasions; 1: 1–3 times a month; 2: 1–2 times a week; 3: 3–4 times a week; 4: every day or almost every day.
Coffee intake: 0: No coffee; 0-2: 0–2 cups a day (including 2 cups but not including 0 cups); 2–4: 2–4 cups a day (including 4 cups but not including 2 cups); >4: more than 4 cups a day.
BMI body mass index, TDI townsend deprivation index, PRS polygenic risk score, SSRIs selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, BDZs benzodiazepines, TCAs tricyclic antidepressants, SNRIs Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.