Table 2.

Studies using fractal analysis for periodontitis detection.

Author(s)	Year	Aim/Objective	Key Findings
Shrout et al. [33]	1998	Compare FD in periodontitis vs healthy patients	Lower FD in periodontitis patients
Sang-Yun et al. [25]	2001	Compare FD ratios in furcation vs interdental areas	Significant FD ratio difference in patients with furcation involvement
Wagle et al. [72]	2005	Analyze FD in periodontal ligament in rats under load	Increased FD with mechanical loading
Madan et al. [32]	2007	Evaluate fiber organization with relaxin effect	FD useful in studying orthodontic tooth movement
Updike and Nowzari et al. [24]	2008	Detect trabecular changes in periodontitis	FD distinguished periodontitis from healthy, not mild vs severe
Sener et al. [30]	2015	Detect trabecular changes via FD	FD significantly different between healthy and periodontitis groups
Belgin and Serindere et al. [73]	2020	Compare FD in healthy vs periodontitis patients	Significantly lower FD in periodontitis
Korkmaz et al. [26]	2023	Compare FD in aggressive periodontitis	FA detected significant trabecular differences; useful for predicting susceptibility
Mishra et al. [44]	2023	Stage periodontitis using FD	FD decreased with higher stages; strong negative correlation with % bone loss

^*Fractal Dimension = FD.