Table 3.

Studies using fractal analysis for evaluating healing and monitoring bone after a root canal.

Author(s)	Year	Aim/Objective	Key Findings
Lee et al. [74]	2005	Evaluate bony changes in apical lesions	FD difference decreased over time post-treatment
Chen et al. [34]	2009	Monitor periapical lesion healing post-RCT	FD increased after successful RCT
Yu et al. [34]	2009	Assess FD pre- and post-RCT	FD lower after 6 months post-RCT
Aydin et al. [35]	2021	Compare FD in diabetic vs. healthy post-RCT	FD increased; lower increase in diabetic patients
Tosun et al. [36]	2022	Compare FD and PAI in retreatment	FD increased in healed cases; FD decreased in unhealed; no strong correlation with PAI