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. 2025 Aug 21;8:1260. doi: 10.1038/s42003-025-08684-7

Fig. 2. The effect of GlcSph on energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in live SH-Sy5y cells.

Fig. 2

ATP production rate in 20 ng/mL (a, e) and 200 ng/mL (b, f) of GlcSph and lyso-Gb3 exposures respectively. Glycolytic rate in 20 ng/mL (c, g) and 200 ng/mL (d, h) of GlcSph and lysoGb3 exposures respectively. Induced measurement denotes inhibition of pyruvate entry into mitochondria in the ATP analyses, compensatory measurement denotes total OXPHOS inhibition by competitive inhibition of hexokinase by deoxyglucose in glycolysis analyses. DMSO was used as a vehicle control. Box plots show mean ±25% (boxes) and max. and min. values (whiskers) (n = 3 for (a–h). Statistical significance was determined by a 2-way ANOVA followed by a Sidak’s post-hoc test. The activity of i complex I (n = 5), j complex II&III (n = 4), and k citrate synthase (n = 4) was unaffected. Statistical significance was determined using a Kruskal–Wallis test with a Dunn’s post-hoc test. *p < 0.5, **p < 0.01. Source data are provided as a Supplementary Data file.