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. 2025 Aug 21;15:30798. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16815-7

Table 10.

Performance of scheme 2 (S2) under dynamic robustness Testing.

Optimization method Long-term perturbation (10 years) Single satellite failure
Cov. Init.(%) Cov. 5Y(%) Cov. 10Y(%) PDOP Init. PDOP 10Y ΔCov.(%) PDOP After
Improved GA (This study) 95.6 95.2 94.8 2.3 2.5 -3.5 2.8
D-NSDE 93.2 92.0 90.7 2.6 3.0 -4.8 3.2
PSO 90.5 88.9 87.1 2.9 3.4 -5.3 3.5

Significant values are in bold.