Table 11.

Comparison of Multi-Objective optimization Performance.

Method	Hyper volume (HV)	Spacing (SP)	Vis. Sat. range	PDOP range	Cost (Sats) range	Min. Vis. range
Improved GA (This study)	0.78 ± 0.02	0.12 ± 0.01	12.1–14.9	2.1–2.8	88–100	3.8–4.5
D-NSDE	0.72 ± 0.03*	0.18 ± 0.02*	11.5–14.0	2.3–3.2	85–100	3.5-4.0
PSO	0.65 ± 0.04*	0.25 ± 0.03*	10.8–13.2	2.7–3.6	80–100	3.0-3.8
SA	0.58 ± 0.05*	0.32 ± 0.04*	10.0-12.5	3.0–4.0	75–100	2.8–3.5

* indicates statistically significant differences compared to the improved GA (p < 0.05). Ranges represent the minimum–maximum values of solutions on the Pareto front for each objective.