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. 2025 Aug 21;15:30798. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16815-7

Table 14.

Performance comparison of constellation schemes optimized by improved GA.

Scheme Description Avg. Vis. Avg. PDOP Min. Vis. Cov.(%) Sats
S2 High-inclination Walker + Polar + OCO 14.3 2.3 4.1 95.6 55
S1 Low-inclination Walker + Polar 13.6 2.5 3.8 93.5 60
S3 High-inclination Walker + OCO 13.9 2.4 3.9 94.2 51
S4 Single Polar Orbit 11.2 3.5 3.0 85.0 40
S5 Single OCO 10.5 3.8 2.8 80.5 30