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. 2025 Aug 21;15:30798. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16815-7

Table 2.

Definition of orbital elements for the walker Constellation.

Symbol Parameter name Domain Unit Geometric relation
Inline graphic Semi-major axis Inline graphic km Orbital period Inline graphic
Inline graphic Eccentricity [0, 0.005] Perigee altitude Inline graphic
Inline graphic Inclination [40°, 60°] deg Maximum coverage latitude Inline graphic
Inline graphic Right ascension of ascending node [0°, 360°) deg Orbital plane spacing Inline graphic
Inline graphic Argument of perigee [0°, 360°) deg Remains constant in the absence of perturbations
Inline graphic Mean anomaly [0°, 360°) deg Defines the initial satellite position angle