Table 9.

Comprehensive performance comparison of optimization algorithms (100-Satellite Scenario).

Algorithm	Vis. Sat.	PDOP	Cov.(%)	Min. Vis.	Time(s)	Conv. Gen.	CPU (%)	Mem (GB)	ΔCov. (%)	Cov. Maint. (%)
Improved GA	14.3 ± 0.3	2.3 ± 0.1	95.6 ± 0.4	4.1 ± 0.2	32 ± 2	45 ± 3	89 ± 3	2.1 ± 0.1	-3.5 ± 0.3	99.1 ± 0.2
D-NSDE	13.8 ± 0.4*	2.6 ± 0.2*	93.2 ± 0.5*	3.8 ± 0.3*	38 ± 3*	50 ± 4*	85 ± 4	2.3 ± 0.2	-4.8 ± 0.4*	97.5 ± 0.4*
DP	12.5 ± 0.5*	3.1 ± 0.3*	89.7 ± 0.7*	3.2 ± 0.4*	55 ± 5*	N/A	75 ± 5	1.8 ± 0.2	-6.2 ± 0.6*	95.8 ± 0.6*
PSO	12.9 ± 0.4*	2.9 ± 0.2*	90.5 ± 0.6*	3.5 ± 0.3*	28 ± 2	60 ± 5*	70 ± 4	1.9 ± 0.1	-5.3 ± 0.5*	96.3 ± 0.5*
SA	11.8 ± 0.5*	3.5 ± 0.3*	87.4 ± 0.8*	3.0 ± 0.4*	25 ± 2	75 ± 6*	65 ± 5	1.7 ± 0.1	-7.1 ± 0.7*	94.7 ± 0.7*