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. 2025 Aug 21;15:30787. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-14622-8

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© The Author(s) 2025

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Fig. 7 — Ground state electron (E1) and hole (H1) energy levels in 4.3 nm diameter Zn₁₋ₓCuₓS nanocrystals plotted as a function of copper content (Cu%). Note the different energy scales used on the vertical axes and the pronounced bowing observed when lattice randomness and strain (STR) are considered.