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. 2025 Aug 21;15:30765. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16546-9

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — IL-18 is also produced by uterine smooth muscle. (A) Schematic representation of the experimental setup. (B) Macrophage-specific Il18-deficient pregnant mice (Il18^fl/fl;LysM-cre) were injected with 1 µg of LPS and the abortion rate was evaluated on Gd 13.5. n = 13 for Il18^+/+, LPS (+), IL-18 nAb (-); n = 12 for Il18^+/+, LPS (+), IL-18 nAb (+); n = 12 for Il18^fl/fl, LPS (+), IL-18 nAb (-); n = 18 for Il18^fl/fl;LysM-cre, LPS (+), IL-18 nAb (-). ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; one-way ANOVA analysis followed by Turkey’s post hoc test. (C) Production of pro- and mature IL-18 in the myometrium, decidua, and placenta on Gd 16.5 was measured by western blotting. (D) Confocal images of the myometrium and decidua. The decidua is located at the bottom left of the upper images. Green indicates αSMA and magenta indicates IL-18. Nuclei were stained with Hoechst 34,580. The lower images show the area enclosed by the square in the upper images. White bar, 50 μm. (E) Schematic representation of the experimental setup. (F) Smooth muscle-specific Il18-deficient pregnant mice (Il18^fl/fl;Sm22a-cre) were injected with 1 µg of LPS and the abortion rate was evaluated using Gd 13.5. n = 13 for Il18^+/+, LPS (+), IL-18 nAb (-); n = 11 for Il18^+/+, LPS (+), IL-18 nAb (+); n = 14 for Il18^fl/fl, LPS (+), IL-18 nAb (-); n = 26 for Il18^fl/fl;Sm22a-cre, LPS (+), IL-18 nAb (-) **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; one-way ANOVA analysis followed by Turkey’s post hoc test.