Table 5.

Evaluation of axial load bearing capacity of plain webs ⁴², unstiffened, and edge-stiffened rectangular openings.

Specimen	plain webs	Un-stiffened holes			Edge-stiffened holes
	PEXP	PFEM	PFEM/PEXP	Strength changes due to holes	PFEM	PFEM/PEXP	Strength changes due to holes
	kN	kN	–	%	kN	–	%
BU45-7-1	124	107	0.87	− 13.2	125	1.01	0.9
BU45-7-2	123	115	0.93	− 7.1	125	1.02	1.6
BU45-7-3	121	112	0.92	− 8.0	123	1.02	1.9
BU90-3-1	119	104	0.88	− 12.5	118	0.99	− 0.9
BU90-3-2	119	105	0.88	− 11.8	117	0.98	− 1.6
BU90-3-3	118	118	1.00	0.1	127	1.07	7.2
BU105-2-1	117	108	0.92	− 7.8	119	1.01	1.4
BU105-2-2	117	110	0.94	− 6.5	120	1.02	2.4
BU105-2-3	117	104	0.88	− 11.6	119	1.02	1.8
BU60-7-1	123	108	0.88	− 11.8	120	0.98	− 2.4
BU60-7-2	122	108	0.89	− 11.3	120	0.98	− 2.0
BU60-7-3	121	108	0.89	− 10.9	121	1.00	0.0
BU110-3-1	117	112	0.95	− 4.5	112	0.96	− 4.4
BU110-3-2	118	106	0.90	− 10.0	111	0.94	− 5.6
BU110-3-3	119	116	0.98	− 2.2	117	0.98	− 1.8
BU60-3-1	116	114	0.98	− 1.7	116	0.99	− 0.5
BU60-3-2	117	114	0.98	− 1.8	114	0.98	− 1.8
BU60-3-3	116	106	0.92	− 8.5	116	1.00	0.0
Average			0.92	− 7.83		1.00	− 0.21
S			0.04	0.04		0.03	0.03