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. 2025 Aug 21;15:30784. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15779-y

Table 7.

Strains of the tested beam specimens.

Beam no. Concrete strain GFRP strain
εcu (µε) εc−90% (µε) εfu (µε) εf−90% (µε)
2G10-2S10-C − 6475 − 4942 19,687 16,250
2G10-2S10-E50 –* − 4430 –* 17,607
2G10-2S10-E100 − 3929 − 3765 20,510 19,803
2G10-2S10-E150 –* − 4810 –* 19,693
4G10-E100 − 5242 − 4780 18,788 16,485
4G10-EU50 − 4294 − 3898 20,513 18,438
2G10-2S10-EU50 –* –* 22,075 19,140

εcu is the ultimate concrete strain; εc-90% is the ultimate concrete strain corresponding to 90% of the beam’s maximum capacity; εfu is the ultimate GFRP rebar strain; and εf-90% is the ultimate GFRP rebar strain corresponding to 90% of the beam’s maximum capacity.

*Strain gauges failed during loading.