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. 2025 Aug 21;15:30749. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16775-y

Table 4.

Adjusted risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between prenatal risk factors and preterm birth (PTB).

Risk factors during pregnancy Preterm birth (n = 36,044) RR (95% CI)
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg)
< 18.5 (low body weight)
18.5–23.9 (normal body weight) 0.99 (0.94, 1.04)
24-27.9 (Overweight) 1.00
28 (obese) 1.29 (1.25, 1.33)
GWG (Chinese standard) 1.72 (1.66, 1.78)
Insufficient weight gain
Proper weight gain 1.74 (1.61, 1.88)
Excessive weight gain 1.00
HDP 0.72 (0.69, 0.76)
Health
Pregnancy complicated with chronic hypertension 1.00
CH concurrent preeclampsia 2.16 (2.04, 2.29)
Hypertension of pregnancy 2.72 (2.38, 3.12)
Preeclampsia 1.63 (1.55, 1.72)
Fasting blood glucose in early pregnancy 2.63 (2.40, 2.88)
Glucopenia
Euglycemia 1.06 (1.00, 1.12)
Hyperglycaemia 1.00
Early pregnancy fasting urine sugar 1.19 (1.15, 1.22)
The urine sugar is normal
Urine sugar is high 1.00
Hemoglobin in early pregnancy 1.66 (1.50, 1.82)
Hemoglobin is too low
Hemoglobin was normal 1.05 (1.01, 1.10)
Folate supplementation in early pregnancy 1.00
Yes
Deny 1.00
Assisted reproduction 0.98 (0.96, 1.00)
Yes
Deny 3.39 (3.01, 3.83)
Exposure of teratogens 1.00
Yes
Deny 1.10 (1.02, 1.19)

PTB preterm birth, RR risk ratio, CI confidence interval.