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. 2025 Aug 21;15:30790. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15674-6

Table 3.

Comparison of SMI-TCN-BILSTM with other neural network models.

Model MSE RMSE MAE MAPE R2
BP34 0.1005 0.317 0.2487 2.85% 88.00%
SVR35 0.0331 0.1820 0.1475 1.74% 96.05%
LSTM9 0.0286 0.1692 0.1215 1.38% 96.58%
TCN-LSTM33 0.0433 0.2081 0.1446 1.69% 94.83%
CNN-LSTM36 0.0293 0.1711 0.1316 1.52% 96.50%
CNN-GRU-Attention14 0.0302 0.1738 0.1339 1.53% 96.39%
BiLSTM11 0.0247 0.1571 0.1180 1.35% 97.05%
TCN-BiLSTM 0.0245 0.1566 0.1148 1.32% 97.07%
SSA-TCN-BiLSTM 0.0225 0.1501 0.1082 1.23% 97.31%
SMI-TCN-BiLSTM(Ours) 0.0132 0.1147 0.0851 0.96% 98.43%

The model input data in the above tables are processed with Savitzky-Golay filter and MIC to ensure fairness of the prediction results.