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. 2025 Aug 21;15:30790. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15674-6

Table 7.

Optimization results of different intelligent algorithms in test function.

Statistics Algorithm F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
Average ISSA 0.0 Inline graphic 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inline graphic
SSA Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic
WOA Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic 0.0 0.0 Inline graphic
PSO 145.4 8.23 2127.06 124.77 2.43 4.58
BOA Inline graphic 4.02 Inline graphic 0.05 Inline graphic Inline graphic
Standard Deviation ISSA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
SSA Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic
WOA Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic 0.0 0.0 Inline graphic
PSO 61.71 4.58 720.03 27.05 0.66 0.57
BOA Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic 0.18 Inline graphic Inline graphic

Fitness

Value

 ISSA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inline graphic
SSA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Inline graphic
WOA Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic 0.0 0.0 Inline graphic
PSO 53.16 3.43 616.72 64.01 1.37 3.26
BOA Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic