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. 2025 Aug 21;15:30687. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15780-5

Table 4.

Comparisons of the changes from baseline of the King’s Health questionnaire scores between the daytime and nighttime dosing groups (n = 109).

Variables 4 weeks 12 weeks
Daytime (n = 52)† Nighttime (n = 57)† p‡ Daytime (n = 40)† Nighttime (n = 46)† p‡
Frequency (0–3) − 0.7 ± 1.3** − 0.9 ± 1.2** 0.56 − 1.0 ± 1.1** − 1.1 ± 1.2** 0.76
Nocturia (0–3) − 0.7 ± 1.0** − 0.7 ± 1.1** 0.95 − 1.0 ± 1.1** − 0.9 ± 1.2** 0.92
Urgency (0–3) − 0.6 ± 1.2** − 0.7 ± 1.3** 0.50 − 0.8 ± 1.3** − 0.5 ± 1.3* 0.35
Urge incontinence (0–3) − 0.8 ± 1.2** − 0.7 ± 1.1** 0.84 − 0.6 ± 1.3** − 0.8 ± 1.2** 0.59
Stress Incontinence (0–3) − 0.6 ± 1.1** − 0.5 ± 0.9** 0.44 − 0.6 ± 0.9** − 0.5 ± 1.0** 0.58
Nocturnal enuresis (0–3) − 0.2 ± 0.7** − 0.1 ± 0.8 0.27 − 0.2 ± 0.6 − 0.2 ± 0.8 0.70
Intercourse incontinence (0–3) − 0.1 ± 0.5 − 0.1 ± 0.5 0.97 0.0 ± 0.4 0.0 ± 0.2 0.71
Waterworks infections (0–3) − 0.1 ± 0.3** − 0.1 ± 0.3** 0.97 − 0.5 ± 1.2* − 0.5 ± 0.8** 0.86
Bladder pain (0–3) − 0.5 ± 1.0** − 0.5 ± 1.0 0.78 − 0.5 ± 1.0** − 0.2 ± 0.8 0.16
General health perceptions (0–100) − 12 ± 25** − 5 ± 24 0.15 − 13 ± 27** − 14 ± 26** 0.86
Incontinence impact (0–100) − 18 ± 38** − 20 ± 35** 0.80 − 19 ± 38** − 24 ± 37** 0.62
Role limitations (0–100) − 14 ± 29** − 21 ± 30** 0.23 − 19 ± 24** − 26 ± 38** 0.34
Physical limitations (0–100) − 26 ± 40** − 20 ± 32** 0.35 − 37 ± 37** − 25 ± 40** 0.20
Social limitations (0–100) − 10 ± 34* − 9 ± 26* 0.86 − 17 ± 28** − 18 ± 34** 0.81
Personal relationships (0–100) − 5 ± 23 − 2 ± 12 0.52 − 10 ± 26 − 3 ± 19 0.31
Emotions (0–100) − 17 ± 25** − 6 ± 19 0.006 − 17 ± 28** − 13 ± 26** 0.48
Sleep/energy (0–100) − 18 ± 31** − 18 ± 28** 0.96 − 19 ± 32** − 31 ± 28** 0.09
Severity measures (0–100) − 10 ± 21** − 12 ± 22** 0.70 − 14 ± 23** − 13 ± 21** 0.84

†By paired t test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

‡By paired t test.

Changes are calculated as the subtraction of pre-treatment values from post-treatment values, and expressed as the mean ± standard deviation.