Table 3.
List of applied clinical and omics ageing clocks
| Clock | Reference | Data type | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| ‡MLR-Levine28 | Levine, ME. 2013. Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. | Clinical | Predicts chronological/ biological age |
| ‡PCA-Levine28 | Predicts chronological/ biological age | ||
| ‡KDM31 | Klemera, P. and Doubal, S. 2006. Mech Ageing Dev. | ||
| ‡ProtAge-Tanaka30 | Tanaka, T., et al. 2018. Aging Cell. | Proteomics | Predicts chronological/ biological age |
| ‡ProtAge-MD29 | Macdonald-Dunlop, E., et al. 2022. Aging. | Predicts chronological/ biological age | |
| ClinAge-MD29 | Macdonald-Dunlop, E., et al. 2022. Aging. | Clinical | Overestimated BA (median BA 750 years), not shown |
| MetaboAge-MD29 | Macdonald-Dunlop, E., et al. 2022. Aging. | Metabolomics | Overestimated BA (median BA 600 years), not shown |
| MetaboAge-vdA32 | van den Akker, EB., et al. 2020. Circ Genom Precis Med. | Underestimated BA (median BA –5000 years), not shown | |
| Metabonomics33 | Hertel, J., et al. 2016. Journal of Proteome Research. | Missing variables (only 22% vars. are available), not shown | |
| ‡Skin & blood clock52 | Horvath, S., et al. 2018. Aging. | DNA methylation | Predicts chronological age |
| ‡MethylDetectRAge43 | Hillary, R. and Marioni, R. Wellcome Open Res. | Predicts chronological age | |
| ‡Multi-tissue clock53 | Horvath, S. 2013. Genome Bioloy. | Predicts chronological/biological age | |
| ‡Hannum clock26 | Hannum, G., et al. 2013. Molecular Cell. | Predicts chronological/biological age | |
| mPoA25 | Belsky, D., et al. 2020. eLife. | Predicts the pace of ageing | |
| DunedinPACE56 | Belsky, D., et al. 2022. eLife. | Predicts the pace of ageing | |
| ‡PhenoAge54 | Levine, M., et al. 2018. Aging. | Predicts health- and lifespan | |
| ‡GrimAge27 | Lu, A., et al. 2019. Aging. | Predicts health- and lifespan | |
| ‡GrimAge255 | Lu, A., et al. 2022. Aging. | Predicts health- and lifespan | |
| Metaclock34 | Liu, Z., et al. 2020. Aging Cell. | Predicts mortality | |
| EpiTOC35 | Yang, Z., et al. 2016. Genome Biology. | Predicts mitotic age | |
| EpiTOC236 | Teschendorff, A.E. 2020. Genome Medicine | Predicts mitotic age | |
| MiAge37 | Youn, A., and Wang, S. 2018. Epigenetics. | Predicts mitotic age | |
| DNAmTL38 | Lu, A., et al. 2019. Aging. | DNA methylation | Predicts telomere length |
| ‡CausAge61 | Ying, K, et al. 2024. Nature Aging. | Predicts chronological/ biological age | |
| DamAge61 | Ying, K, et al. 2024. Nature Aging. | Predicts chronological/ biological age | |
| AdaptAge61 | Ying, K, et al. 2024. Nature Aging. | Predicts chronological/ biological age | |
| GOLD BioAge71 | Hao, et al. 2025. Adv. Sci. | Clinical | Predicts morbidity & mortality |
| GOLD ProtAge71 | Metabolomics | Predicts morbidity & mortality | |
| GOLD MetAge71 | Proteomics | Predicts morbidity & mortality |
‡Rows with double dagger symbol (‡) refer to clocks that are further investigated.