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. 2025 Aug 21;15:30736. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-13940-1

Table 1.

Incomplete list of cephalopod species of megafauna size, i.e. With body size exceeding one meter26. Note that there are no nautilid species exceeding a conch diameter of 800 mm. Dimensions are conch lengths in orthocones, conch diameters in ammonoids, and mantle lengths in neocoleoids.

Group Age Species Dimensions mm Volume l
Orthocones Ordovician Proterovaginoceras incognitum 1000 0.8
Orthocones Ordovician Ormoceras giganteum MB.C.11,940 1710 2.72
Orthocones Ordovician Ormoceras TUG 1308-1 1720 2.66
Orthocones Ordovician Endoceras giganteum 4730 89.04
Orthocones Ordovician Lambeoceras lambei 1405
Orthocones Silurian Geisonoceras crebristriatum 1911.41 8.9
Orthocones Silurian Orthoceras gregarium 1390 5.13
Orthocones Silurian Temperoceras aequinudum 1333 9.21
Orthocones Devonian Deiroceras hollardi 2001.83 48.91
Orthocones Devonian Zeravshanoceras priscum 1299.3 1.57
Orthocones Devonian Basiloceras goliath 1200 12
Orthocones Devonian Plagiostomoceras sp. 1100 0.029
Orthocones Carboniferous Rayonnoceras solidiforme 2800 62.51
Orthocones Carboniferous Actinoceras vaughanianum 1197.56 8.71
Ammonoids Devonian Costaclymenia sp. 1000 138.39
Ammonoids Triassic Pinacoceras metternichi 1040 154.21
Ammonoids Jurassic Lytoceras 1500 421.34
Ammonoids Jurassic Lobolytoceras 1540 452.92
Ammonoids Jurassic Lytoceras taharoaense 1500 421.34
Ammonoids Jurassic Lytoceras 1925 835.87
Ammonoids Jurassic Corbinites occidentalis 1320 296.61
Ammonoids Cretaceous Emericiceras thiollierei ?1000
Ammonoids Cretaceous Parapuzosia seppenradensis 2050 934.75
Ammonoids Cretaceous Diplomoceras maximum 1025 148.09
Ammonoids Cretaceous Baculites grandis ?1500 ?10
Neocoleoids Jurassic Megateuthis elliptica 1360 31.7
Neocoleoids Jurassic Megateuthis suevica 1000 36.61
Neocoleoids Jurassic Leptoteuthis gigas 1300 28.79
Neocoleoids Cretaceous Eromangateuthis soniae 1200 24.54
Neocoleoids Cretaceous Enchoteuthis melanae 2000 88.25
Neocoleoids Recent Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni 3000 495
Neocoleoids Recent Onykia robusta 2000 41.73
Neocoleoids Recent Architeuthis dux 2690 275