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. 2025 Aug 21;15:30736. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-13940-1

Table 2.

Decrease of maximum cephalopod size (to 50% or less of the pre-extinction maximum body size) following mass extinctions.? – poor data; yes – distinct effect; no – no or insignificant effect; extinction. The effects of mass extinctions can be seen best in Fig. 2.

Event Orthocones Nautilids Ammonoids Coleoids
End Cambrian No Does not apply Does not apply Does not apply
End Ordovician Yes Does not apply Does not apply Does not apply
Kellwasser ? ? Yes Does not apply
End Devonian ? ? Yes Does not apply
Permian-Triassic ? No Yes ?
End Triassic Extinction No Yes Yes?
End Cretaceous Does not apply No Extinction Yes