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. 2025 Aug 21;10:58. doi: 10.1038/s41539-025-00350-1

Table 2.

General linear model of factors influencing baseline reading fluency

Source of variance Measure DF F-value p-value η²
Speech discrimination in noise LiSN-S 1 2.64 0.107 0.016
Non-verbal intelligence TONI-4 1 0.00 0.988 0.000
Auditory working memory Digit span 1 5.94 0.016 0.037
Attention Attention quotient 1 10.28 0.002 0.064
School 5 3.46 0.006 0.107

DF degrees of freedom, LiSN-S listening in spatialised noise—sentences test, TONI-4 test of non-verbal intelligence fourth edition.

Bold values indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05).