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. 2025 Aug 21;15:30724. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16066-6

Table 1.

Studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.

Included in systematic review (N = 69) (n, %) Included in PP-IFI meta-analysis (N = 20) (n, %) Included in PPP-IFI meta-analysis (N = 36) (n, %)
Total number of patients 33 968 6 334 9 744
Total number of episodes 35 781 7 261 11 247
Total number of IFI episodes 2917 744 1 348
Study period
Beginning study period (year, IQR1-3, range) 2008 (2004–2012, 1995–2017) 2009 (2004–2012, 2000–2017) 2005 (2002–2011, 1996–2017)
End study period (year, IQR1-3, range) 2015.5 (2011–2019, 2000–2022) 2016 (2013-2018.5, 2006–2020) 2014 (2010.5–2018, 2000–2020)
Study type
Cohort 63 (91) 20 (100) 35 (97)
Prospective 6 (10) 3 (15) 4 (11)
Retrospective 57 (90) 17 (85) 32 (89)
Case-control study 6 (9) 0 (0) 1 (3)
Centers
Single-center 56 (81) 16 (80) 30 (83)
Multicenter 13 (19) 4 (20) 6 (17)
Type of definition of IFI
EORTC/MSG 20026 4 (6) 0 (0) 2 (6)
EORTC/MSG 20087 49 (71) 17 (85) 30 (82)
EORTC/MSG 20208 13 (19) 3 (15) 4 (12)
Other definition or not specified 3 (4) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Continent
North America 24 (35) 5 (25) 10 (28)
Asiaa 23 (33) 8 (40) 14 (38)
Europe 18 (26) 6 (30) 10 (28)
South America 2 (3) 1 (5) 2 (6)
Oceania 2 (3) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Population
Adults only 60 (87) 18 (90) 29 (80)
≥ 90% adults 9 (13) 2 (10) 7 (20)
Hematological malignancies 42 (61) 12 (60) 21 (58)
Hematological malignancy, any type 9 (14) 1 (5) 3 (8)
Lymphoproliferative disorder 10 (14) 2 (10) 4 (11)
Myeloid malignancy 18 (26) 6 (30) 9 (25)
Otherb 5 (7) 3 (15) 5 (14)
HSCT 27 (39) 8 (40) 15 (42)
HSCT, any type 5 (7) 1 (5) 3 (8)
Allo-HSCT 20 (29) 7 (35) 11 (31)
Auto-HSCT 2 (3) 0 (0) 1 (3)

ALL acute lymphoid leukemia; AML acute myeloid leukemia; HSCT hematogenous stem cell transplant; IFI invasive fungal infection; IQR interquartile range; MDS myelodysplastic syndrome; PP proven and/or probable; PPP proven, probable and/or possible.

aIn the systematic review, 2 of the included studies took place in Turkey and were counted in the Asia continent.

bIn the systematic review, other hemopathies were: acute leukemia (n = 2), ALL/AML, acute leukemia and MDS in transformation, hematological patients; In the PP-IFI meta-analysis, other hemopathies were : acute leukemia, ALL/AML, acute leukemia and MDS in transformation; in the PPP-IFI meta-analysis, other hemopathies were: acute leukemia and MDS in transformation, hematological patients, acute leukemia (n = 2), ALL/AML.