Table 3.
Differences in inconvenience, lifestyle flexibility, glycemic control, satisfaction with insulin delivery device, and ITSQ total score.
| Variable | N | % | Inconvenience of regimen (%) | Lifestyle flexibility (%) | Glycemic control (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | p | Mean | SD | p | Mean | |||
| Age (years) | |||||||||
| < 40 | 82 | 36.1 | 72.1 | 25.3 | 0.155 | 62.9 | 29.7 | 0.029 | 61.7 |
| ≥ 40 | 145 | 63.9 | 66.9 | 27.2 | 71.4 | 26.7 | 55.9 | ||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 117 | 51.5 | 69.3 | 28.3 | 0.778 | 68.7 | 29.9 | 0.850 | 58.7 |
| Female | 110 | 48.5 | 68.3 | 24.8 | 68.0 | 26.2 | 57.2 | ||
| Place of residence | |||||||||
| Urban | 89 | 39.2 | 72.1 | 23.5 | 0.135 | 63.4 | 28.1 | 0.033 | 63.1 |
| Rural | 138 | 60.8 | 66.7 | 28.3 | 71.5 | 27.7 | 54.7 | ||
| Body mass index | |||||||||
| Normal weight | 79 | 34.8 | 72.0 | 26.1 | 0.190 | 66.0 | 30.3 | 0.371 | 61.0 |
| Overweight/obese | 148 | 65.2 | 67.1 | 26.9 | 69.5 | 26.8 | 56.4 | ||
| Adherence to recommended diet | |||||||||
| Yes | 72 | 31.7 | 67.8 | 26.9 | 0.717 | 44.6 | 24.9 | < 0.001 | 58.7 |
| No | 155 | 68.3 | 69.2 | 26.6 | 79.4 | 22.0 | 57.7 | ||
| Exercising for at least 150 min per week | |||||||||
| No | 177 | 78.0 | 67.8 | 26.6 | 0.278 | 74.0 | 24.8 | < 0.001 | 57.0 |
| Yes | 50 | 22.0 | 72.4 | 26.5 | 48.3 | 29.9 | 61.6 | ||
| Type of diabetes | |||||||||
| Type 1 | 84 | 37.0 | 71.0 | 25.6 | 0.349 | 61.5 | 29.3 | 0.005 | 60.9 |
| Type 2 | 143 | 63.0 | 67.5 | 27.2 | 72.3 | 26.6 | 56.3 | ||
| Time elapsed since diagnosis with diabetes mellitus (years) | |||||||||
| < 12 | 108 | 47.6 | 68.2 | 26.9 | 0.750 | 65.2 | 28.6 | 0.111 | 58.0 |
| ≥ 12 | 119 | 52.4 | 69.3 | 26.5 | 71.1 | 27.4 | 58.0 | ||
| Other anti-diabetic medications | |||||||||
| Yes | 129 | 56.8 | 66.6 | 26.9 | 0.154 | 71.3 | 27.3 | 0.071 | 55.5 |
| No | 98 | 43.2 | 71.7 | 26.1 | 64.5 | 28.7 | 61.4 | ||
| Other chronic medications | |||||||||
| Yes | 134 | 59.0 | 67.2 | 27.4 | 0.271 | 72.3 | 25.6 | 0.011 | 55.6 |
| No | 93 | 41.0 | 71.1 | 25.4 | 62.6 | 30.5 | 61.5 | ||
| Insulin delivery | |||||||||
| Injection/vial | 115 | 50.7 | 68.3 | 27.3 | 0.782 | 77.5 | 24.3 | < 0.001 | 57.1 |
| Pen | 112 | 49.3 | 69.3 | 26.0 | 58.9 | 28.6 | 59.0 | ||
| Time elapsed since using insulin (years) | |||||||||
| < 7 | 107 | 47.1 | 67.3 | 27.1 | 0.439 | 67.7 | 27.1 | 0.747 | 58.2 |
| ≥ 7 | 120 | 52.9 | 70.1 | 26.2 | 68.9 | 29.0 | 57.8 | ||
| Glycemic control (%) | Insulin delivery device satisfaction (%) | ITSQ total (%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | SD | p | Mean | SD | p | Mean | SD | p | |
| Age (years) | |||||||||
| < 40 | 16.7 | 0.023 | 65.5 | 19.6 | 0.072 | 73.9 | 13.8 | 0.285 | |
| ≥ 40 | 19.4 | 60.3 | 21.7 | 71.4 | 17.8 | ||||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 18.7 | 0.557 | 65.7 | 20.1 | 0.008 | 73.7 | 17.4 | 0.174 | |
| Female | 18.7 | 58.3 | 21.5 | 70.8 | 15.4 | ||||
| Place of residence | |||||||||
| Urban | 15.5 | 0.001 | 63.9 | 19.2 | 0.315 | 74.0 | 15.4 | 0.202 | |
| Rural | 19.9 | 61.0 | 22.2 | 71.2 | 17.0 | ||||
| Body mass index | |||||||||
| Normal weight | 18.4 | 0.073 | 64.5 | 16.9 | 0.219 | 74.2 | 14.3 | 0.218 | |
| Overweight/obese | 18.7 | 60.9 | 22.9 | 71.3 | 17.5 | ||||
| Adherence to recommended diet | |||||||||
| Yes | 19.8 | 0.709 | 61.3 | 23.5 | 0.673 | 65.6 | 18.0 | < 0.001 | |
| No | 18.2 | 62.6 | 19.9 | 75.4 | 14.7 | ||||
| Exercising for at least 150 min per week | |||||||||
| No | 19.3 | 0.127 | 61.5 | 21.4 | 0.390 | 73.1 | 16.7 | 0.187 | |
| Yes | 16.0 | 64.4 | 19.8 | 69.6 | 15.6 | ||||
| Type of diabetes | |||||||||
| Type 1 | 17.9 | 0.077 | 65.9 | 19.4 | 0.041 | 73.0 | 14.0 | 0.629 | |
| Type 2 | 19.0 | 60.0 | 21.7 | 71.9 | 17.8 | ||||
| Time elapsed since diagnosis with diabetes mellitus (years) | |||||||||
| < 12 | 19.2 | 0.990 | 60.8 | 20.2 | 0.373 | 71.0 | 16.9 | 0.244 | |
| ≥ 12 | 18.3 | 63.3 | 21.8 | 73.5 | 16.0 | ||||
| Other anti-diabetic medications | |||||||||
| Yes | 19.7 | 0.018 | 60.4 | 21.7 | 0.143 | 71.2 | 17.6 | 0.243 | |
| No | 16.7 | 64.5 | 20.0 | 73.8 | 14.8 | ||||
| Other chronic medications | |||||||||
| Yes | 19.9 | 0.018 | 60.9 | 21.0 | 0.289 | 71.8 | 16.4 | 0.568 | |
| No | 16.3 | 63.9 | 21.1 | 73.1 | 16.6 | ||||
| Insulin delivery | |||||||||
| Injection/vial | 18.9 | 0.447 | 61.2 | 22.5 | 0.489 | 74.1 | 17.3 | 0.098 | |
| Pen | 18.5 | 63.1 | 19.4 | 70.5 | 15.4 | ||||
| Time elapsed since using insulin (years) | |||||||||
| < 7 | 18.9 | 0.874 | 60.2 | 21.9 | 0.197 | 71.4 | 16.9 | 0.413 | |
| ≥ 7 | 18.6 | 63.9 | 20.2 | 73.2 | 16.0 | ||||
p: p-value, all associations were assessed by independent-samples t‐tests, statistically significant values are in boldface, SD: standard deviation.
Significance values are in bold.