Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Variable | Total (N = 13475) |
In-hospital mortality (N = 2707) |
No in-hospital mortality (N = 10768) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 74.314 ± 11.641 | 75.928 ± 11.29 | 73.909 ± 11.693 | < 0.001 |
| Male | 57.8% (7784) | 56.5% (1530) | 58.1% (6254) | 0.148 |
| Heart rate (/min) | 96.963 ± 23.841 | 99.549 ± 23.892 | 96.313 ± 23.785 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120.478 ± 25.186 | 117.457 ± 25.863 | 121.238 ± 24.957 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.772 ± 581.315 | 65.808 ± 19.587 | 75.775 ± 650.208 | 0.112 |
| Respiratory rate (/min) | 20.535 ± 6.591 | 21.669 ± 6.944 | 20.25 ± 6.468 | < 0.001 |
| SpO2 (%) | 96.2 ± 4.636 | 95.654 ± 5.759 | 96.338 ± 4.298 | < 0.001 |
| Maximum heart rate within 6 h (/min) | 106.707 ± 25.104 | 110.156 ± 25.212 | 105.84 ± 25.003 | < 0.001 |
| New onset | 6.7% (906) | 8.8% (237) | 6.2% (669) | < 0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 55.9% (7531) | 57.7% (1562) | 55.4% (5969) | 0.035 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 43.3% (5841) | 44.4% (1203) | 43.1% (4638) | 0.207 |
| Heart surgery | 8% (1077) | 1.4% (38) | 9.6% (1039) | < 0.001 |
| Aorta surgery | 0.8% (102) | 0.5% (14) | 0.8% (88) | 0.137 |
| Hypertension | 49.2% (6624) | 43.5% (1177) | 50.6% (5447) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 33.1% (4457) | 32% (865) | 33.4% (3592) | 0.172 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 24% (3230) | 25% (676) | 23.7% (2554) | 0.180 |
| End-stage kidney disease | 5.6% (752) | 6.9% (188) | 5.2% (564) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic liver disease | 9.6% (1292) | 15.7% (424) | 8.1% (868) | < 0.001 |
| Metastatic cancer | 5.9% (796) | 8.9% (242) | 5.1% (554) | < 0.001 |
| Intubation | 23.8% (3213) | 31.9% (863) | 21.8% (2350) | < 0.001 |
| CKRT | 0.6% (79) | 1.3% (36) | 0.4% (43) | < 0.001 |
| Blood culture positive | 3.2% (434) | 6.2% (167) | 2.5% (267) | < 0.001 |
| Glasgow coma scale | 13.439 ± 2.736 | 12.704 ± 3.438 | 13.623 ± 2.495 | < 0.001 |
| Norepinephrine (mcg/kg/min) | 0.022 ± 0.082 | 0.044 ± 0.118 | 0.016 ± 0.069 | < 0.001 |
| Dopamine (mcg/kg/min) | 0.251 ± 1.651 | 0.447 ± 2.248 | 0.202 ± 1.46 | < 0.001 |
| Dobutamine (mcg/kg/min) | 0.052 ± 0.567 | 0.089 ± 0.745 | 0.043 ± 0.513 | 0.003 |
| Epinephrine (mcg/kg/min) | 0.002 ± 0.026 | 0.004 ± 0.041 | 0.002 ± 0.02 | 0.003 |
| Vasopressin (units/hours) | 0.065 ± 0.606 | 0.142 ± 0.707 | 0.045 ± 0.577 | < 0.001 |
| Length of stay hours (hours) | 121.488 ± 152.143 | 155.695 ± 182.967 | 112.889 ± 142.075 | < 0.001 |
| Rhythm control | 10.2% (1373) | 11.8% (319) | 9.8% (1054) | 0.002 |
| Rate control | 25.3% (3407) | 21.9% (592) | 26.1% (2815) | < 0.001 |
| Heart rate MAD | 9.383 ± 5.381 | 9.74 ± 5.325 | 9.293 ± 5.391 | < 0.001 |
| Number of heart rate measurements | 29.505 ± 9.128 | 30.976 ± 10.858 | 29.136 ± 8.6 | < 0.001 |
SpO2saturation of percutaneous oxygen, CKRT continuous kidney replacement therapy, MAD median absolute deviation.