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. 2025 Jul 7;12(8):nwaf269. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwaf269

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© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 7. — Interaction between an agent and environment for one step of an RL task for quantum control. The agent in the dashed green (classical) part can be represented as suggesting actions based on current states, i.e. . The environment in the dashed orange (quantum) part is usually a quantum system that is subject to quantum operations for performing actions, and quantum measurements for obtaining reward signals. Here, a Bloch sphere representation of a qubit is used as an example for illustration.

Inline graphic — Interaction between an agent and environment for one step of an RL task for quantum control. The agent in the dashed green (classical) part can be represented as suggesting actions based on current states, i.e. . The environment in the dashed orange (quantum) part is usually a quantum system that is subject to quantum operations for performing actions, and quantum measurements for obtaining reward signals. Here, a Bloch sphere representation of a qubit is used as an example for illustration.