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. 2025 Aug 8;16:1591136. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1591136

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Copyright © 2025 Wang, Xu, Zhang, Li and Xie.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar chart shows risk assessment as a percentage for intention-to-treat. Categories include overall bias, selection of reported result, measurement of outcome, missing outcome data, deviations from intended interventions, and randomization process. Green indicates low risk, yellow indicates some concerns, and red (not shown) indicates high risk. Most bars show predominantly green, with yellow for some concerns in the randomization process and measurement categories. — Risk of bias summary of included studies.