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. 2025 Aug 8;13:1643408. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1643408

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Copyright © 2025 Vaiciuleviciute, Pachaleva, Bernotiene, Kugaudaite, Lebedis, Krugly and Uzieliene.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram illustrating the roles of proteins and miRNA in MenSC EVs. Left section shows proteins involved in cellular transport and adhesion, cellular components, binding proteins, and the immune system. Right section details miRNA roles in cell cycle and proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, angiogenesis, and mitochondrial protection and cell survival. Central graphic represents MenSC EVs containing both miRNA and proteins. — MenSC-EV cargo.