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. 2025 Aug 8;13:1509634. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1509634

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Copyright © 2025 Schömig, Bashkuev, Reitmaier, Fleig, Pumberger and Schmidt.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar chart showing lumbar postures for four groups: healthy females, healthy males, females with low back pain (LBP), and males with LBP. Healthy and LBP-affected groups have similar mean values with overlapping error bars. Significant differences are indicated by asterisks above the bars. — Number of primary lumbar postures assumed over a 16-hour daytime period in asymptomatic individuals and individuals with low back pain (LBP), stratified by sex. Data analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney-U test. * marks statistically significant differences.