Table 2.
State-based measures before (T1) and after (T2) the virtual reality (VR; n=9) and audio (n=11) exercises with associated statistics.a
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Before (T1), mean (SD) | After (T2), mean (SD) | Repeated measures statistics | Cohen d (95% CI) | |||
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t test (df) | P value |
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| NTAb: thought negativity | |||||||
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VR | 7.78 (1.39) | 5.78 (2.22) | 2.00 (8) | .08 | 0.67 (−0.08 to 1.38) | |
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Audio | 9.18 (0.87) | 6.64 (2.01) | 5.37 (10) | <.001 | 1.62 (0.69 to 2.52) | |
| NTA: thought discomfort | |||||||
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VR | 8.56 (1.33) | 6.11 (2.67) | 2.72 (8) | .03 | 0.91 (0.10 to 1.67) | |
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Audio | 9.00 (1.18) | 5.36 (1.75) | 6.90 (10) | <.001 | 2.08 (0.99 to 3.14) | |
| NTA: thought accuracy | |||||||
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VR | 7.33 (2.45) | 5.78 (3.83) | 1.90 (8) | .09 | 0.63 (−0.10 to 1.34) | |
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Audio | 7.45 (2.30) | 6.18 (2.09) | 1.81 (10) | .10 | 0.55 (−0.10 to 1.17) | |
| NTA: thought importance | |||||||
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VR | 8.56 (1.88) | 7.22 (2.28) | 1.60 (8) | .15 | 0.53 (−0.18 to 1.22) | |
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Audio | 8.45 (1.81) | 7.09 (2.88) | 2.01 (10) | .07 | 0.61 (−0.05 to 1.24) | |
| SCFQc: defusion | |||||||
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VR | 44.00 (4.72) | 31.11 (12.41) | 3.02 (8) | .02 | 1.01 (−0.23 to 1.08) | |
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Audio | 43.27 (3.82) | 26.09 (6.83) | 10.31 (10) | <.001 | 3.11 (1.63 to 4.56) | |
| BSRId: rumination | |||||||
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VR | 479.67 (201.35) | 366.44 (231.47) | 1.19 (8) | .27 | 0.40 (−0.30 to 1.07) | |
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Audio | 605.00 (106.57) | 410.55 (133.94) | 6.14 (10) | <.001 | 1.85 (0.84 to 2.83) | |
| POMSe: tension | |||||||
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VR | 15.44 (2.30) | 13.33 (3.84) | 1.20 (8) | .27 | 0.40 (−0.29 to 1.07) | |
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Audio | 15.18 (3.25) | 10.09 (3.65) | 7.08 (10) | <.001 | 2.13 (1.03 to 3.21) | |
| POMS: depression | |||||||
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VR | 15.33 (3.08) | 12.33 (4.33) | 2.11 (8) | .07 | 0.70 (−0.05 to 1.42) | |
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Audio | 16.18 (3.28) | 11.72 (2.83) | 5.64 (10) | <.001 | 1.70 (0.74 to 2.63) | |
| POMS: anger | |||||||
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VR | 10.78 (1.86) | 6.67 (1.66) | 4.14 (8) | .003 | 1.38 (0.43 to 2.29) | |
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Audio | 9.64 (4.11) | 6.00 (2.28) | 4.98 (10) | .001 | 1.50 (0.61 to 2.36) | |
| POMS: fatigue | |||||||
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VR | 13.22 (5.07) | 12.33 (5.22) | 1.40 (8) | .20 | 0.47 (−0.24 to 1.15) | |
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Audio | 17.09 (2.21) | 15.82 (3.57) | 1.85 (10) | .09 | 0.56 (−0.09 to 1.18) | |
| POMS: confusion | |||||||
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VR | 13.44 (2.70) | 11.33 (3.91) | 1.51 (8) | .17 | 0.50 (−0.21 to 1.19) | |
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Audio | 12.82 (3.71) | 9.82 (2.14) | 3.93 (10) | .003 | 1.19 (0.39 to 1.95) | |
| POMS: vigor | |||||||
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VR | 7.78 (3.49) | 9.22 (3.70) | −1.55 (8) | .16 | −0.52 (−1.20 to 0.20) | |
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Audio | 7.09 (2.26) | 7.27 (3.17) | −0.18 (10) | .86 | −0.05 (−0.64 to 0.54) | |
| SUDSf: distress | |||||||
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VR | 58.56 (30.00) | 43.44 (25.58) | 1.38 (8) | .20 | 0.46 (−0.24 to 1.14) | |
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Audio | 59.36 (18.90) | 35.09 (18.16) | 4.96 (10) | .001 | 1.49 (0.60 to 2.35) | |
| TMSg,h state mindfulness: decentering subscale | |||||||
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VR | —i | 24.00 (6.67) | — | — | — | |
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Audio | — | 26.27 (5.22) | — | — | — | |
| TMS g state mindfulness: curiosity subscale | |||||||
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VR | — | 21.44 (7.52) | — | — | — | |
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Audio | — | 22.91 (3.94) | — | — | — | |
aPositive effect sizes represent improvement.
bNTA: Negative Thought Assessment.
cSCFQ: State Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire.
dBSRI: Brief State Rumination Inventory.
ePOMS: Profile of Mood States–Adolescents.
fSUDS: Subjective Units of Distress Scale.
gCompleted after each exercise; therefore, there are no data from the “before” time point for this measure.
hTMS: Toronto Mindfulness Scale–State Version.
iNot applicable.