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. 2025 Mar 21;13:815. Originally published 2024 Jul 19. [Version 3] doi: 10.12688/f1000research.144332.3

Table 2. Independent variables of the study.

Variable name Description Mean St. Dev %
Continuous variables
Age Years of household head 46.18 14.59 -
Household size Household number of people 5.42 2.14 -
Income Household average income (ZMK) 5472.69 7626.52 -
Living Years of living in an area 31.00 18.68 -
Education Number of years in school 5.49 3.50 -
Farmland size Size of farmland 3.40 3.36 -
Experience Household head farming experience 26.22 15.55 -
Cultivated land Cultivated land in hectares (2021/2022) 1.83 1.45 -
Crops Number of crops planted (2021/2022) 2 0.93 -
Dummy variables
Sex Gender of household head (1=Male, 0=Female) - - 62.18%
Information Access to climate information (1=Yes, 0=Otherwise) - - 23.14 %
Marital status Household head if married (1= Yes, 0=Otherwise - - 69.43%
Credit Household access to credit (1=Yes, 0=Otherwise) - - 26.71%
Extension Access to extension services (Yes=1, 0=Otherwise) - - 1.8%
Off-farm Participation in off-farm activities (Yes=1, 0=Otherwise) - - 57.51%
Improved seed Adoption of improved maize variety (Yes=1, 0=Otherwise) - - 78.76%
Land tenure Land tenure system (1=Customary, 0=State) - - 100%