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. 2025 Jun 14;10(1):ysaf011. doi: 10.1093/synbio/ysaf011

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© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Resource utilization of the selected model. (A) Time-course data for toxin and ribosome concentrations for cases with different sfGFP reporter plasmid concentrations, with and without the additional plasmid. Toxin produced by the additional plasmid plays a more important role at 10 nM in terminating translation, compared to 0.5 nM and 30 nM. (B) The concentration profile of mRNA (excluding those bound to ribonucleases) produced for sfGFP, kanR, and empty genes and of KanR and sfGFP protein over the simulated course of 6 h for 2.5 nM of reporter plasmid. (C) Concentration of RNA polymerase bound with each of the sfGFP, kanR, and empty vector gene over time. (D) Concentration of ribonucleases bound with each of sfGFP, kanR, and empty mRNA over time. (E) Concentration of ribosomes bound with sfGFP and kanR mRNA (excluding those bound to ribonucleases) over time.