Table 1.
Description of Persons with HIV/Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection by Direct-Acting Antiviral (DAA) Treatment Status at Time of DAA Prescription, the HIV Outpatient Study, 2010–2020
| Total | DAA-treated group | DAA-naïve group | p valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 347 (100%) | 153 (44.1%) | 194 (55.9%) | |
| Age (years) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 52.7 (9.7) | 54.8 (8.8) | 51.9 (10.4) | <.01 |
| Median (IQR) | 53.8 (46.9, 59.6) | 55 (49, 62) | 54 (46, 59) | |
| Sex at birth | .24 | |||
| Female | 106 (30.5) | 51 (33.3) | 53 (27.3) | |
| Male | 243 (69.5) | 102 (66.7) | 141 (72.7) | |
| Race at enrollment | .06 | |||
| Hispanic | 62 (17.9) | 34 (22.2) | 28 (14.4) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 154 (44.4) | 59 (38.6) | 95 (48.9) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 122 (35.2) | 58 (37.9) | 64 (33.0) | |
| Unknown/other | 5 (1.4) | 2 (1.4) | 7 (3.7) | |
| Insurance | ||||
| Private | 87 (25.1) | 42 (27.5) | 45 (23.2) | .02 |
| Public | 233 (67.1) | 107 (69.9) | 126 (65.0) | |
| None/unknown | 27 (7.8) | 4 (2.6) | 23 (11.8) | |
| Smoking | ||||
| Yes | 256 (73.3) | 116 (75.8) | 140 (71.4) | .35 |
| No | 93 (26.7) | 37 (24.2) | 56 (28.6) | |
| Alcohol use | .55 | |||
| Current | 149 (42.9) | 60 (39.2) | 89 (45.9) | |
| Never | 146 (42.1) | 67 (43.8) | 79 (40.7) | |
| Previously | 26 (7.5) | 14 (9.2) | 12 (6.2) | |
| Unknown | 26 (7.5) | 12 (7.8) | 14 (7.2) | |
| BMI | <.001 | |||
| ≤25 | 157 (45.2) | 50 (32.7) | 107 (55.2) | |
| 26–30 | 113 (32.6) | 62 (40.5) | 51 (26.3) | |
| 31–35 | 51 (14.7) | 29 (19.0) | 22 (11.3) | |
| ≥35 | 26 (7.5) | 12 (7.8) | 14 (7.2) | |
| Patients with ≥1 FIB-4 after index (n, %) | 275 (79.25) | 131 (85.62) | 144 (74.22) | <.01 |
| Patients FIB-4 missing after index (n, %) | 72 (20.75) | 22 (14.38) | 50 (25.78) | |
| Mean (SD) | 2.73 (3.29) | 2.71 (2.37) | 2.74 (3.87) | .92 |
| Median (IQR) | 1.68 (1.18, 2.74) | 1.87 (1.25, 3.01) | 1.55 (1.06, 2.50) | |
| <1.45 | 137 (39.5) | 51 (33.3) | 86 (44.3) | .08 |
| 1.45–3.25 | 139 (40.1) | 65 (42.5) | 74 (38.1) | |
| >3.25 | 71 (20.5) | 37 (24.2) | 34 (17.5) | |
| CD4 count (cells/mL), median (IQR) at index date | 530 (325, 767) | 581 (400, 786) | 487 (270, 745) | <.01 |
| CD4 count at index date | .04 | |||
| ≥200 cells/mL | 319 (91.4) | 145 (94.8) | 174 (88.8) | |
| <200 cells/mL | 30 (8.6) | 8 (5.2) | 22 (11.2) | |
| CD4 nadir at index date | .79 | |||
| ≥200 cells/mL | 273 (78.6) | 119 (77.8) | 154 (79.4) | |
| <200 cells/mL | 74 (21.3) | 34 (22.2) | 40 (20.6) | |
| CD4% | 29 (22, 37) | 32 (25, 38) | 28 (19, 37) | <.01 |
| CD8 count (cells/mL) | 755 (533, 1029) | 757 (536, 1033) | 752 (531, 1020) | .71 |
| CD8% | 43 (36.2, 54) | 41 (35, 51) | 45 (38, 56) | <.01 |
| CD4/CD8 ratio | 0.64 (0.42, 0.95) | 0.70 (0.44, 0.98) | 0.60 (0.37, 0.91) | <.001 |
| Last HIV VL test before index date | ||||
| VL over low limit, N (%) | 94 (27.1) | 25 (16.4) | 69 (35.6) | <.001 |
| ALT (mu/μL) | 29 (18, 52) | 31.5 (17.5, 51.5) | 28 (19, 52) | .29 |
| AST (mu/μL) | 33 (23, 52) | 30.5 (21, 44.5) | 35 (24, 56) | .08 |
| Platelet (counts/μL) | 202 (142, 251) | 194 (136, 240) | 206 (151, 258) | .11 |
| Chronic HBV infection | .29 | |||
| Yes | 75 (21.6) | 29 (18.9) | 46 (23.7) | |
| No | 272 (78.4) | 124 (81.1) | 148 (76.3) | |
| Observation window (months) | <.001 | |||
| Overall, median (IQR) | 146 (73, 226) | 193 (114, 249) | 124 (46, 193) | |
| Before index date | 110 (36, 190) | 157 (68, 211) | 69 (13, 161) | |
| After index date | 35 (12, 55) | 43 (23, 55) | 25 (9, 51) | |
| Years from HIV diagnosis to index date | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 16.45 (8.9) | 18.43 (8.0) | 14.91 (9.2) | <.001 |
| Median (IQR) | 17.8 (9.1, 23.5) | 20.2 (13.0, 24.6) | 15.0 (7.8, 23.5) | |
| Months from HCV diagnosis to index date | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 21.47 (30.18) | 33.95 (25.0) | 11.81 (30.3) | <.001 |
| Median (IQR) | 21.00 (1.3, 41.6) | 33.2 (13.9, 50.1) | 7.49 (1.4, 31.4) | |
| Deceased by the end of observation | .003 | |||
| Yes | 39 (11.2) | 9 (5.9) | 30 (15.5) | |
| No | 308 (88.8) | 144 (94.1) | 164 (84.5) | |
| Years from index date to death | 2.16 (1.0, 3.9) | 2.16 (1.9, 3.4) | 2.38 (0.9, 4.0) | .90 |
Index date refers to DAA prescription date for the DAA group and pseudo-DAA prescription for the comparison group. Age, BMI, ALT, AST, platelet, FIB-4 score, CD4 count, and CD4 nadir are all measures at time closest to index date. Other demographic characteristics refer to time of enrollment in the HOPS cohort. Smoking refers to a patient who has ever smoked. Observation windows start from participants’ first HOPS visit to participants’ last visit, patient death date, or the end of 2020, whichever came earlier.
Chi-square test for categorical; t-test or nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CD, cluster of differentiation; FIB-4, fibrosis-4; IQR, interquartile range; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; SD, standard deviation; VL, viral load.