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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jun 15.
Published before final editing as: Addict Res Theory. 2025 Jun 15:10.1080/16066359.2025.2517625. doi: 10.1080/16066359.2025.2517625

Table 2.

Hierarchical Regression Analyses (N = 154).

Addiction Perceived Barriers for Smoking Cessation b SE t p 95% Bootstrapped CI sr2
Step 1
 Age −0.10 0.04 −2.14 .034 −0.18 −0.01 .026
 Sex −0.53 0.71 −0.75 .453 −1.93 0.86 .003
 Race and Ethnicity 0.52 0.68 0.77 .443 0-.82 1.86 .003
 Cigarette Dependence 0.53 0.15 3.58 <.001 0-.24 0.82 .073
Step 2
 Age −0.09 0.04 −1.99 .049 −0.18 0.00 .021
 Sex −0.17 0.69 −0.24 .808 −1.52 1.19 < .001
 Race and Ethnicity 0.82 0.66 1.24 .218 −0.49 2.13 .008
 Cigarette Dependence 0.38 0.15 2.56 .012 0.09 0.67 .034
 Anxiety Sensitivity 0.06 0.09 0.704 .483 −0.11 0.23 .003
 Distress Tolerance −2.18 0.61 −3.56 < .001 −3.40 −0.97 .067
 Emotion Dysregulation −0.02 0.02 −0.72 .476 −0.06 0.03 .003
External Perceived Barriers for Smoking Cessation b SE t p 95% Bootstrapped CI sr2
Step 1
 Age −0.14 0.04 −3.24 .001 −0.23 −0.06 .059
 Sex −0.36 0.70 −0.51 .610 −1.74 1.02 .001
 Race and Ethnicity −0.94 0.67 −1.39 .165 −2.26 0.39 .011
 Cigarette Dependence 0.48 0.15 3.28 .001 0.19 0.76 .060
Step 2
 Age −0.10 0.04 −2.29 .023 −0.18 −0.01 .025
 Sex 0.06 0.66 0.09 .930 −1.24 1.36 < .001
 Race and Ethnicity −0.56 0.64 −0.89 .377 −1.82 0.69 .004
 Cigarette Dependence 0.27 0.14 1.87 .064 −0.02 0.55 .017
 Anxiety Sensitivity 0.32 0.08 0.33 < .001 0.16 0.49 .072
 Distress Tolerance −0.15 0.59 −0.02 .795 −1.32 1.01 < .001
 Emotion Dysregulation 0.02 0.02 0.10 .277 −0.02 0.06 .006
Internal Perceived Barriers for Smoking Cessation b SE t p 95% Bootstrapped CI sr2
Step 1
 Age −0.02 0.02 −1.13 .262 −0.06 0.02 .008
 Sex 0.13 0.30 0.44 .663 −0.46 0.72 .001
 Race and Ethnicity 0.07 0.29 0.23 .815 −0.50 0.64 < .001
 Cigarette Dependence 0.17 0.06 2.65 .009 0.04 0.29 .044
Step 2
 Age −0.01 0.02 −0.76 .450 −0.05 0.02 .003
 Sex 0.35 0.28 1.27 .207 −0.20 0.90 .008
 Race and Ethnicity 0.25 0.27 0.93 .353 −0.28 0.78 .004
 Cigarette Dependence 0.07 0.06 1.22 .224 −0.05 0.19 .008
 Anxiety Sensitivity 0.06 0.04 1.65 .100 −0.01 0.13 .014
 Distress Tolerance −1.12 0.25 −4.52 < .001 −1.61 −0.63 .106
 Emotion Dysregulation −0.01 0.01 −0.68 .499 −0.02 0.01 .002

Note. Sex = Coded: 0 = male, 1 = female; Ethnicity = Coded: 0 = Non-Hispanic White, 1 = All other race and ethnicities.