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. 2025 Aug 8;17:1526088. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2025.1526088

TABLE 2.

Neuropsychological assessment scores using the CERAD-K battery in participants before and after the intervention.

CERAD-K 20 Hz tVAS 40 Hz tVAS p-value
Attention Baseline 1.69 ± 0.29 1.53 ± 0.37 0.732a
Week 8 1.83 ± 0.28 3.21 ± 1.04
Change from baseline 0.13 ± 0.21 1.68 ± 0.80 0.015*b
p-valuec 0.552 0.061
Memory Baseline 0.82 ± 0.78 1.40 ± 0.59 0.560a
Week 8 3.41 ± 0.67 2.26 ± 0.87
Change from baseline 2.59 ± 0.74 0.87 ± 0.57 0.075a
p-valuec 0.006** 0.156
Language Baseline 0.55 ± 0.16 0.86 ± 0.13 0.140a
Week 8 0.87 ± 0.16 0.90 ± 0.11
Change from baseline 0.32 ± 0.13 0.04 ± 0.10 0.133b
p-valuec 0.039* 0.707
Visuospatial Function Baseline 0.12 ± 0.28 −0.54 ± 0.44 0.437a
Week 8 0.16 ± 0.23 −0.51 ± 0.34
Change from baseline 0.04 ± 0.38 0.02 ± 0.51 0.541b
p-valuec 0.917 0.962
Executive Function Baseline 1.47 ± 0.52 1.13 ± 0.73 0.752a
Week 8 1.19 ± 0.47 2.84 ± 0.74
Change from baseline −0.31 ± 0.47 1.03 ± 0.75 0.217a
p-valuec 0.545 0.209
TS 1 Baseline 0.31 ± 0.23 0.11 ± 0.23 0.546a
Week 8 1.12 ± 0.16 0.84 ± 0.29
Change from baseline 0.82 ± 0.21 0.74 ± 0.27 0.820a
p-valuec 0.003** 0.018*
TS 2 Baseline 0.38 ± 0.21 0.23 ± 0.21 0.602a
Week 8 1.17 ± 0.15 0.88 ± 0.25
Change from baseline 0.79 ± 0.19 0.65 ± 0.23 0.648a
p-valuec 0.002** 0.017*

aObtained from an independent t-test.

bObtained from a Mann–Whitney U test.

cObtained from a paired t-test. TS 1 and TS 2 are presented as z-score.

*p < 0.05;

*s*p < 0.01.