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. 2025 Aug 8;17:1526088. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2025.1526088

TABLE 3.

Results of the TMT-B&W test, CES-D depression scale represented with scores, and cortisol levels before and after the intervention.

Neuropsychological and stress assessment 20 Hz tVAS 40 Hz tVAS p-value
Time-to-completion on the TMT-B&W-A (s) Baseline 45.09 ± 4.51 36.25 ± 2.83
Week 8 38.73 ± 4.16 33.67 ± 3.05
Change from baseline −6.36 ± 4.36 −2.58 ± 3.32 0.486a
p-valuec 0.581 0.434
Time-to-completion on the TMT-B&W-B (s) Baseline 144.45 ± 14.37 112.67 ± 9.25
Week 8 137.27 ± 14.67 120.25 ± 9.25
Change from baseline −7.18 ± 4.44 7.58 ± 7.84 0.316a
p-valuec 0.581 0.334
CES-D Baseline 12.36 ± 2.24 10.33 ± 1.36
Week 8 9.00 ± 2.66 6.92 ± 1.87
Change from baseline −3.36 ± 1.79 −3.42 ± 1.51 0.951b
p-valuec 0.090 0.045*
Cortisol (μg/dL) Baseline 0.164 ± 0.034 0.150 ± 0.036
Week 8 0.168 ± 0.033 0.134 ± 0.019
Change from baseline 0.005 ± 0.037 −0.016 ± 0.032 0.468b
p-valuec 0.906 0.624

aObtained from an independent t-test.

bObtained from a Mann–Whitney U test.

cObtained from a paired t-test.

*p < 0.05;

**p < 0.01.