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. 2025 Aug 7;10:1584885. doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2025.1584885

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Copyright © 2025 Hadziabdic.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Scatterplots representing pre-membership average participation in seven forms of political involvement (interest in politics, feeling of political influence, participation in federal polls, membership in political party, active in voluntary work, propensity to take part in demonstration, propensity to take part in boycott) by type of association (sport, culture, local interests, union, environment, charity) and education level (primary, secondary, higher). Each plot uses triangular, square, and circular symbols to denote primary, secondary, and higher education levels, respectively. — Pre-membership average in different forms of political participation by associational type and level of education.