Fig. 2.

Combination treatment results in metabolic reprogramming. Representative traces of the OCR, when oligomycin, FCCP, antimycin A plus rotenone were injected into the assay XF96 plates for MR49F (A–C) and C4–2R (D–F) cells. Each data point is a mean ± SD (n = 6). Cells were treated with or without 10 μM enzalutamide, 1 mM metformin, or a combination of both for 12 hours. MMP was measured using TMRE. MR49F (G), C4–2R (H), and 22Rv1 (I) cells were treated with or without enzalutamide, metformin, or a combination of both for 12 hours and collected for flow cytometric analysis. FCCP was used as a positive control. (J) The MMP was measured with the same treatment as with TMRE in all 3 resistant lines, but the chemical JC-1 was used to visualize the membrane potential shift.