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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Sci Med. 2024 Nov 20;364:117531. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117531

Table 3.

Summary of cross-sectional associations between financial strain with health outcomes among U.S. adults

Study, sample, & setting Financial strain measurement Associations between financial strain with outcomes Socioeconomic adjustment Health adjustment
# of items Lacking basic needs Difficulty making ends Coping Strategies Financial satisfaction Financial stress/worry Anticipating strain Lack of money for wants
Acute myocardial infarction registry (n = 3410) 1 X Higher C-reactive protein at 30 days after a myocardial infarction (Qintar et al., 2017) X
Aged 12+ in rural Appalachia (n=2565) 5 X X X X Poorer health-related quality of life, (Banyard et al., 2017) lower life satisfaction, higher posttraumatic growth and more trauma symptoms (Hamby et al., 2018)
Hospice patients with cancer in Utah, Massachusetts, & Florida 2010 (n=102) 1 X More anxiety and depressive symptoms but not associated with positive affect/well-being (Tay et al., 2022)
Korean women who immigrated to the US in an East Coast city (n=130) 8 X X More emotional and somatic symptoms of well-being (Lee et al., 2016) X
Aged 100+ Iowans (n=152) 6 X X X More limitations in activities of daily living, cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms among those in institutional settings, but not community-dwelling (Garasky et al., 2012)
Aged 18+ near Dallas (n=238) 8 X Higher odds of food insecurity (Hernandez et al., 2017) X
9 X X X Higher risk of smoking and more cigarette use among smokers (Waters et al., 2019) X
Aged 50+ with arthritis and comorbidities in Austin (n=117) 1 X Less self-efficacy and self-reported health care utilization but not associated with quality of life (Zhang et al., 2020) X
Aged 65+ with chronic condition(s) in Maryland retirement communities (n=146) 3 X X Not associated with odds of frailty (Hladek et al., 2020)
Aged 40–65 in Phoenix, Arizona (n=680) 6 X X Higher IL-6 but not associated with CRP (Sturgeon et al., 2016) X X
Adults at two Midwest dialysis units (n=109) 7 X X X Higher levels of illness intrusiveness (Boehmer et al., 2016) X
Heart disease patients hospitalized at Vanderbilt (n=1527) 1 X Less adherence to home medication regimens and poorer overall health (Osborn et al., 2017) X X
Adults in Livingston or Selma, Alabama (n=179) 2 X Not associated with awareness of hospice (Noh et al., 2022)
Recruited from Southwestern unemployment centers (n= 174) 3 X X Less psychological well-being (Huffman et al., 2015)
Adults with a significant limb loss (n=46) 1 X Poorer role function and emotional health, but not associated with physical function, pain, general health, social functioning, vitality or mental health (Lee et al., 2020)
Adults 35–80 with chronic condition(s) in St. Louis, Missouri (n=270) 2 X X More likely to spend less on basic needs to pay for medication (Rohatgi et al., 2021) X X
Adults with tobacco use recruited online (n=234) 6 X X X X More depressive symptoms (Rogers, 2019)
African American fathers in a parenting program in Midwestern cities (n=347) 1 X More depressive symptoms (Tsuchiya et al., 2018) X
African American females with breast cancer in a psychoeducational trial in urban Pennsylvania and Ohio (n=101) 1 X Lower levels of knowledge about chemotherapy but not associated with belief in the necessity of chemotherapy (Jiang et al., 2016) X X
African American men 18+ recruited from a community health fair in Ohio (n=243) 1 X Lower health self-efficacy (Tucker-Seeley, Mitchell, et al., 2015) X
African American men 30–50 near San Francisco (n=92) 1 X Not associated with shorter telomere length (Schrock et al., 2018) X
African American mothers living with at least one child (n=305) 1
3		 X X X X X Lower life satisfaction, poorer emotional well-being, more depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms (Williams et al., 2021) X
African American parents 18+ in public housing in Connecticut with depression (n=135) 6 X X More post-traumatic stress symptoms (Holmes et al., 2021)
African Americans 18+ in public prenatal clinics in Northern California (n=117) 1 X More depressive symptoms and everyday discrimination, but not associated with lifetime trauma or social conflict (Dailey & Humphreys, 2011)
African-American mothers of adolescents in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods in the Northeast (n=200) 7 X X More depressive symptoms and less optimism (Taylor et al., 2014) X
Amazon Mechanical Turk adult respondents (n=131) 5 X X X Lower meaning in life scores (Abeyta et al., 2017) X
Amazon Mechanical Turk adult respondents (n=231) 7 X No association with medication adherence or rates of skipping medications (Strickland et al., 2019)
Amazon Mechanical Turk respondents (n= 498) 4 X X Higher likelihood of workplace accidents and a higher likelihood of under-reporting workplace accidents (Petitta et al., 2020)
Amazon Mechanical Turk community-dwelling respondents (n=538) 5 X X X More anxiety symptoms, more depressive symptoms and higher positive affect but not associated with life satisfaction (Hou et al., 2021)
Amazon Mechanical Turk adult respondents (n=1070) 8 X X X X Higher odds of using any nicotine product and combustible tobacco product(s) but not electronic nicotine product(s) (Rogers et al., 2018) X
Black/Latino adults 18–65 with HIV care near New York City (n=512) 1 X Not associated with polysubstance use risk scores(Cleland et al., 2021)
Bengali immigrant New York City parents (n=73) 1 X More parent tension and depressive symptoms but not associated with sleep problems (Barajas-Gonzalez et al., 2021) X
Black Baltimore senior housing adults 50+(n=450) 1 X Not associated with sleep quality (Gamaldo et al., 2014) X X
Black adults 25– 65 in Tallahassee (n=128) 1 X More depressive symptoms (Fuller et al., 2021)
Black and White men who have sex with men 18+ with HIV in San Francisco, California and Syracuse, New York (n=77) 1 X Less adherence to anti-retroviral treatment (Simmons et al., 2021)
Black cis-gender men who have sex with men 18–29 in Dallas & Houston, Texas (n=1732) 1 X Higher risk of sexual violence victimization, and among those who experienced sexual violence associated with a higher risk of experiencing it when they were <16 years of age (Siconolfi et al., 2021) X X
Black or White female breast cancer patients 18+in Pennsylvania & Ohio (n=119) 1
7		 X X X X More symptom distress (Mazanec et al., 2021)
Black, Hispanic, or White sexual and gender minorities assigned female at birth 16–20 (n=308) 3 X X Higher risk of experiencing or perpetrating psychological IPV, physical IPV and sexual IPV (Whitton et al., 2021)
Boston nursing home employees (n=416) 1 X Higher odds of high depressive symptoms (Okechukwu et al., 2012) X
Cancer survivors 18+ treated at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital (n=3906) 1 X Not associated with suicidal ideation (Lubas et al., 2020) X X
Cancer survivors within 1–3 years of diagnosis and their partners 21–58 years (n= 98) 1 X Poorer physical & mental quality of life and more pain & fatigue among survivors but not associated with quality of life or caregiver strain among partners (Lyons et al., 2022) X
Carolina African American Twin Study of Aging; African American twins born between 1913 and 1975 (n=699) 1 X Higher odds of having a limitation in activities of daily living and more depressive symptoms but not associated with lung function or cognitive status (Szanton et al., 2010) X X
Caregivers of a child with cancer at a large Southern medical center (n=163) 2 X X Higher risk of lacking social support, and more child problems, sibling problems, family problems, and parent stress reactions, and a lack of family coping ability at baseline (Karlson et al., 2013)
Chicago Community Adult Health Study; 18+(n=2093) 9 X X X X Higher odds of being both overweight and obese (Cuevas et al., 2019) X
Child Community Health Network study, fathers during the post-partum period in Baltimore & Washington D.C. (n=203) 5 X X X Not associated with being married or being in a relationship with their baby’s mother (Kerr et al., 2018) X
Chinese adults 60+ in Chicago (n=2988) 1 X Fewer cognitive activities and social activities (Lai et al., 2019) X
Chinese immigrants 18+in Maryland (n=247) 1 X More psychological distress (Lee et al., 2015) X
Chronic heart failure patients in Pennsylvania & Delaware (n=265) 1 X Poorer self-rated health (Carlson et al., 2013) X
University counseling center clients 18+ (n=96) 1 X Not associated with a composite score capturing symptom distress, interpersonal relationships and social role (Hawley, 2020) X
Cohabiting couples < 200% poverty co-parenting a child near Denver (n=588) 1
1		 X X X Differences in coping strategies based on financial strain, with the highest scores among those with high coping and negative cognition coping (Perzow et al., 2018)
Low-income, Baltimore adults 65+ with functional limitations in home-based trial 3, 1a X X Less patient activation (n=277) (Gleason et al., 2016)
1 X Not associated with limitations in Activities of Daily Living or Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (n=300) (Liu et al., 2022)
Community dwelling older adults 65+ with chronic illness(es) (n=159) 3 X X Higher IL-6 levels in sweat (Hladek et al., 2022) X
Community-dwelling Northern Indiana adults (n=282) 4 X X X X Higher perceived stress scores (Scott et al., 2011)
Community-dwelling African American adults 55+in a disadvantaged part of Los Angeles 3 X Higher odds of insomnia and more severe insomnia symptoms (n=398), (Bazargan et al., 2019) more depressive symptoms (n=740), (M. C. Evans et al., 2019) more pain (n=740), (M.C. Evans et al., 2019) and lower odds of untreated depression but not associated with odds of treated depression (n=740). (Cobb et al., 2020) Among those aged ≥65 years, lower memory scores (n=399) (Assari et al., 2020) but not associated with odds of current smoking among subset with cardiometabolic condition(s) (n=576) (Shervin Assari, James L. Smith, Marc A. Zimmerman, et al., 2019) or drinking among those with diabetes (n=231) (Shervin Assari, James L. Smith, Mohammed Saqib, et al., 2019) X X
5 X X Poorer adherence to blood pressure medications but better adherence to recommended lifestyle modifications (n=338) (Adinkrah et al., 2020), better mental and physical quality of life scores (n=905) (Bazargan et al., 2023) and, among those aged ≥65 years higher odds of currently smoking and higher odds of drinking (n=619) (S. Assari et al., 2019) but not associated with use of opioid-based medication or psychotropic medication among those aged ≥65 years with cardiometabolic disease (n=74) (Bazargan et al., 2020) X X
3 X Higher likelihood of smoking and binge drinking, more depressive symptoms and chronic conditions, more pain, poorer self-rated health and more sick days (n=740) (Evans et al., 2020)
5 X X Lower odds of having a primary care or emergency department visit in the past year but not associated with inpatient hospitalization (n=905) (Cobb et al., 2022) X
Middle aged adult women with osteoarthritis and/or fibromyalgia (n=250) 7 X X Higher pain levels (Rios & Zautra, 2011) X
Smoking adults 18–65 interested in smoking cessation in Vermont and Texas (n=58) 7 X X X Not associated with smoking abstinence (Reitzel et al., 2015) X
Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study, randomly sampled adults 18–30 in Chicago and Oakland (n=1336) 1 X Not associated with salivary cortisol levels or positive affect, but associated with more negative affect over the day (Puterman et al., 2013) X
Depression intervention for African Americans 55+ in Philadelphia (n=182) 1 X More depressive symptoms at baseline (Szanton et al., 2014) X
Sleep treatment trial for adults with sleep apnea and diabetes (n=209) 1 X Poorer sleep quality (Morris et al., 2021) X X
Low-income employed adults 40–64 in a chronic disease self-management trial in North Carolina (n=323) 5 X X X More likely to prefer a financial self-management program than a health self-management program (Kneipp et al., 2019) X X
Family and Community Health Study, African American families with 5th grader in Iowa or Georgia (n =693) 4, 2a X X Poorer physical health functioning (Black et al., 2009) X
Family caregivers for brain injury patients at a rehabilitation hospital (n=136) 1
2		 X Lower life satisfaction scores (Sabella & Suchan, 2019)
Family member of veteran with brain injury in Philadelphia (n=83) 1 X More depressive symptoms (Moriarty et al., 2018)
San Francisco Female Condom Intervention Trial participants 18–39 (n=735) 7 X X X More race-based and gender-based discrimination (Ro & Choi, 2009) X
Female, first-year Latina college students 18+ (n=104) 3 X X Not associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms or post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms (Sims et al., 2020)
Los Angeles first-generation Korean immigrants 65+ (n=205) 1 X Less subjective well-being (Kim et al., 2015) X
East Coast urban first-generation Korean immigrants (n=242) 8 X X More emotional and somatic symptoms of well-being (Lee, 2019) X
Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, mothers of children in 20 large US cities living with a partner (n=1886) 8 X X Higher odds of experiencing intimate partner violence emotional abuse and coercion, but not associated with odds of experiencing physical assault by partner (Golden et al., 2013) X
Graduate seminary students (n=189) 8 X X X X X More depressive symptoms, more anxiety and less spiritual well-being (Blea et al., 2021)
1 X Higher odds of having depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms (n= 6776) (Marshall et al., 2021) and higher cardiometabolic risk count (C-reactive protein, blood pressure, heart rate, glycosylated hemoglobin, cholesterol, and waist circumference) (n=8231) (Mawhorter et al., 2023) but not associated with episodic memory (n=871) (Byrd et al., 2020) X
4 X X Higher odds of poor self-reported oral health (n=1359) (Chi & Tucker-Seeley, 2013) X
Health and Retirement Study, randomly sampled 50+ 3 X X Higher odds of obesity, but not associated with smoking status or drinking level (n= 8,212) (Marshall et al., 2019) X X
4 X X X Less partner support and more partner undermining (n=4935) (Park & Kim, 2018) X X
4 X X Higher odds of reporting poor health (n=7619) (Marshall & Tucker-Seeley, 2018) X
4 X X X Higher odds of experiencing pain among communitydwelling adults (n=2883) (Song et al., 2021) X
1 X X Higher likelihood of pain and severe pain levels among men (n=3174) (Marshall et al., 2018) X
2 X More depressive symptoms among community-dwelling adults (n=8366) (Asebedo & Wilmarth, 2017) X
4 X X Higher hemoglobin A1c among those with diabetes (n= 2682) (Walker et al., 2021) X X
Health in Common study; adults in low-income housing in Boston area 1 X Higher likelihood of poor self-rated health (n=828) (Tucker-Seeley et al., 2013), less healthy eating, and a higher likelihood of tobacco use but a lower odds of having high sedentary behavior (n=828) (Harley et al., 2014) X
1 X Not associated with the likelihood of trying to quit tobacco or the confidence in ability to quit (n=170) (Tucker-Seeley, Selk, et al., 2015) X X
Health, Aging and Body Composition Study, randomly selected healthy adults 70–79 in Memphis & Pittsburgh (n=2,155) 3 X X Higher IL-6 and CRP, but not TNF-alpha (Samuel, Szanton, Fedarko, et al., 2020)
Healthy Miami Hispanic immigrants 70+ (n=237) 1 X Higher odds of high depressive symptoms (Perrino et al., 2009) X X
Heterosexual women 18+ who were not trying to get pregnant recruited online (n=932) 5 X Lower rates of using short-acting hormonal contraception but not associated with use of long-acting reversible contraception or coital-specific contraception (Lyons et al., 2019) X
Homeless Veterans Administration primary care patients (n=5,406) 1 X Higher odds of being unsheltered (Kertesz et al., 2021) X X
Unemployed hospitality workers during COVID-19 (n=607) 3 X X Less overall well-being (Chen & Chen, 2021) X
Household Pulse Survey; randomly selected 18–64 with COVID-19 job loss (n=264,522) 1 X Higher likelihood of anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, food insufficiency and housing insecurity (Kim, 2021) X X
Job seekers recruited online (n=384) 3 X X X Not associated with coping by unemployment by drinking (Blau et al., 2013) X
Kentucky Substance Abuse Treatment Outcome Study randomly sampled from programs (n=734) 8 X Higher perceived stress (Cole et al., 2011) X X
Korean immigrants 18+in Los Angeles and Orange counties in California 1 X Lower levels of positive well-being, general well-being and vitality but not associated with anxiety or depressive symptoms or self-rated health (n=147) (Lee & Woo, 2013); more anxiety symptoms and less vitality among young adults; less well-being among older adults (n=346) (Woo et al., 2014) X
Landmark Spirituality and Health Survey, randomly sampled18+, excluding atheists 3 X Poorer self-rated health, more chronic health problems and more functional limitations (n=3010) (Krause et al., 2018) but not associated with a summary score for poly-drug use and meaning in life (n=2622) (Krause et al., 2017) X
Latino and Black man who have sex with men in Los Angeles, New York, and Philadelphia (n=2235) 1 X Higher risk of unprotected anal intercourse with sero-discordant or unknown-status partners (Ayala et al., 2012)
Men 30–75 receiving urology care in Tennessee (n=90) 1 X Lower health literacy but not associated with prostate-related knowledge or prostate cancer treatment regret (Joyce et al., 2020)
Miami-Dade Health Survey; randomly sampled 18+ 3 X X More depressive symptoms (n=444) (Hill et al., 2017) and higher likelihood of religious attendance, but not associated with social support (n=444) (Bradley et al., 2020) X
Michigan randomly sampled White and Black 18–64 (n=594) 4, 1a X X X More conflict with spouse/partner (MacInnes & Broman, 2012) X
Middle-aged and older adults without dementia or depression in Tampa (n=93) 1 X Less satisfaction with financial situation and income but not associated with satisfaction with home, city/town, daily life/leisure, family life, health or life as a whole (Gamaldo et al., 2021) X X
Midlife in the United States; randomly sampled Black adults 20–74 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (n=592) 2 X Higher odds of being a current smoker, but not associated with odds of past smoking (Slopen et al., 2012) X
Midwestern Head Start Program staff (n=295) 1 X Higher odds of reporting poor self-reported physical and mental health (Snyder et al., 2020)
Mothers of children aged 4–17 receiving treatment from a community mental health clinic (n=336) 1
8		 X More depressive symptoms (Gjesfjeld et al., 2010)
Utah and Idaho National Guard Personnel (n=889) 1 X Not associated with suicidal ideation or suicide attempts (Bryan & Bryan, 2019) X
National Latino and Asian American Study 2 X X Poorer self-rated health (n=2095) (de Castro et al., 2010) X X
2 X X Higher risk of heavy episodic drinking and an alcohol use disorder among Asian Americans but not Latinos (n=4649) (Cook et al., 2020) X
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health; randomly selected teenagers in the 7th-12th grade followed for <13 years 3 X X Higher likelihood of using prescription opioid medication(s) among parents (n= 6,872) (Austin & Shanahan, 2017)
6 X Among young adults in relationships, more intimate partner violence among married couples but not cohabitating couples and not associated with relational affection (n= 1702) (Hardie & Lucas, 2010) X
6 X X More depressive symptoms and a higher likelihood of suicidal ideation (n=10058) (Eitle, 2022). Among Asian American young adults, more alcohol abuse symptoms but not associated with frequent drunkenness, or alcohol-dependence symptoms (n=719) (Cook et al., 2013) X
7 X Higher odds of both being overweight and obese (n=6515 for women, 5985 for men) (Averett & Smith, 2014) X X
7 X Higher likelihood of experiencing or perpetrating intimate partner violence among adults in relationships (n=10665) (Spencer et al., 2016)
5 X X Higher risk of obesity among women, but not men (n=10091) (Kim et al., 2020) X X
5 X No association with metabolic syndrome(n=11575) (Goldberg et al., 2019) X
6 X X Higher likelihood of engaging in instrumental& violent crime and illegal drug use (n=13288) (Dennison, 2019) X X
6 X X Higher likelihood of perpetrating intimate partner violence among young adults recently in a relationship (n=11499) (Schwab-Reese et al., 2016) X
National Survey of American Life; randomly sampled 8 X X More depressive symptoms (Hughes et al., 2014) X
African Americans 18+ (n=3,570)
National Survey of Fertility Barriers National, randomly selected women 25–45 3 X X Lower life satisfaction and more depressive symptoms among those partnered and with a child (n=2675) (Pritchard & Falci, 2020) X X
3 X X More treatment concerns and depressive symptoms but not associated with infertility services use or fertility-specific distress (n=1218) (Greil et al., 2020) X
National survey of Whites and African Americans 66+ 2 X Poorer self-rated health, more depressive symptoms and less life satisfaction among atheists (n=1535) (Krause & Hayward, 2015) X
3 X X More depressive symptoms but not associated with suffering in silence at seven years among Christians (n= 596) (Krause, 2010) X
Non-Hispanic Black or Hispanic older adults at a Southwestern senior center (n=102) 1 X More likely to feel older than their age (Choi et al., 2021) X
Latinx 50+ (n=214) 1 X More depressive symptoms (Aranda & Lincoln, 2011) X
Non-binary gender, nonwhite and non-Latinx patients 18+ in Rio Grande Valley (n=546) 5 X X Higher odds of foregoing medical care and a higher odds of poor health (Tabler & Mykyta, 2021) X
Online survey respondents 21+ (n=821) 3 X Not associated with emotional exhaustion (Choi & Heo, 2021) X X
Online survey of first- and second-generation African immigrants 18+ (n=173) 4 X X More mental health symptoms (Saasa & Miller, 2021) X
Parents/guardians of children admitted to hospitals in California, Wisconsin, Ohio, Utah, Washington, & Texas (n=526) 8 X X X X X Not associated with parent’s preferences for health care cost- transparency practices (Bassett et al., 2021) X X
Cancer prevention and physical activity trial participants 21+in Appalachia (n=1,992) 1 X Poorer self-rated health and more chronic conditions (Tarasenko & Schoenberg, 2017)
Physical activity intervention participants in Dallas, Texas (n=238) 8 X X X Poorer self-rated health and lower quality of life scores; association with quality of life was attenuated among those with greater social support (Garey et al., 2017) X
Midwest diabetes patients 18–74(n=117) 3 X X Lower diabetes self-efficacy scores and spouses less confidence in patienťs ability to manage diabetes (Novak et al., 2017) X
Patients with urinary prolapse symptoms in 1 X Higher odds of overactive bladder syndrome (Tellechea et al., 2021) X
New York and Baltimore (n=256)
Randomly sampled Indiana White and Black adults 18–75 (n=970) 1 X Not associated with likelihood of mammograms, colorectal cancer screening or cervical cancer screening (Kasting et al., 2021) X X
Randomly sampled Texans 18+ (n=1504) 1 X More psychological distress (Acevedo et al., 2014) X
Employed bone marrow transplant recipients 2 X Lower self-rated health and less quality of life and higher perceived stress (n=171) (Albelda et al., 2019) X X
3 X X Poorer quality of life and self-rated health and more perceived stress 150 days after transplant (n=325) (Abel et al., 2016) X
Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System; randomly sampled women after a live birth (n= 69,023) 1 X Higher likelihood of food insecurity (Testa & Jackson, 2020) X
Pregnant Californians18–45 1 X Higher likelihood of reporting that providers have reduced perinatal visit options during COVID-19 and worries about lacking birth support, provider availability for the birth, and lacking resources, and a higher likelihood of considering an out-of-hospital birth but not associated with seeking care or having remote visits (n=820) (Whipps et al., 2021)
Pregnant women in Ohio (n=138) 3 X X More depressive symptoms, pregnancy-specific distress, perceived stress and anxiety (Mitchell & Christian, 2017) X
Previously deployed female military veterans (n=128) 1 X More depressive symptoms (Sairsingh et al., 2018) X X
Primary caregivers of Early Head Start children in northeastern cities (n=978) 4, 2b X X More depressive symptoms, but not anxiety symptoms. Difficulty making ends meet was associated with less dysfunction in parent-child relationship (Hurwich-Reiss et al., 2019) X
Houston African Americans 18+ at Black churches (n=1341) 7 X X X Lower composite scores that captured both physical activity levels and fruit and vegetable consumption (n=1009) (Heredia et al., 2020) X
7 X X X Poorer self-rated health (Savoy et al., 2014) X X
Puerto Rican Elderly Health Conditions, randomly sampled>60 (n=978) 1 X Not associated with the age at the onset of natural menopause (Novak & Lozano-Keymolen, 2018) X
Random national sample (n=1801) 7 X X X Lower odds of good mental health (Marshall et al., 2017) X
Random sample of Black adults in New York City; Boston; Nassau-Suffolk, New York; and Florida (n = 962) 2 X X More psychological distress (Lincoln & Chae, 2010) X
Randomly sampled homeless Veterans Administration primary care patients(n=4777) 1 X Poorer care coordination, more hassles and long wait times when referred for services but not associated with satisfaction with community care (Jones et al., 2021) X X
Randomly sampled adults 18+(n=5083) 1 X Higher odds of experiencing both migraines and post-traumatic stress disorder, but not associated with experiencing just one condition (Rao et al., 2015) X
Randomly sampled Detroit adults 18–64 of Gujarati decent (n=373) 1 X More attitudes supporting intimate partner violence (Yoshihama et al., 2014) X
Randomly sampled healthy adults 18+not in prison/police custody (n=2312) 1 X Higher odds of using any drug but not associated with binge drinking (Gerber et al., 2020) X X
Randomly sampled female community college students in a relationship in Midwestern city (n=435) 1
3		 X More depressive symptoms and more PTSD symptoms (Schrag et al., 2019)
Randomly sampled post-partum women in New York City (n=3566) 1 X Not associated with being diagnosed with post-partum depression (Liu & Tronick, 2013) X
Rectal cancer survivors in Minnesota, Colorado, Northern California, and the Northwest (n=527) 1 X Less participation in life activities (Bulkley et al., 2021) X
Living kidney donors (n=2455) 1 X Less life satisfaction (Messersmith et al., 2014) X
Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer’s Caregiver Health, co-residing caregivers 21+ 1 X More depressive and anxiety symptoms(n=2133) (Sun et al., 2009) X X
1 X More depressive symptoms among those with distress (n=642) (Miller et al., 2020)
Retired community-dwelling Mexican Americans 66+ in Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, & California (n=1005) 3 X X More cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression (Krause, 2012) X
Young adults who had attended Minneapolis-St. Paul secondary schools(n=675) 1 X More unhealthy weight control behaviors and more eating to cope behavior, but not associated with binge eating (Simone et al., 2021) X
Staff of Pennsylvania Head Start program(n=2105) 5 X X More depressive symptoms and higher likelihood of having depression (Whitaker et al., 2021) X
Stem cell transplantation survivors 18+ in remission and with distress in New York City and New Jersey (n=181) 9 X X X Poorer physical, emotional and functional well-being and more transplant-specific concerns but not associated with social/family well-being (Hamilton et al., 2013) X X
Minnesota public university students (n=1117) 1 X Less physical activity and more unhealthy weight-control behaviors or binge drinking, but not associated with overweight/obesity or diet (VanKim & Laska, 2012) X
Midwestern public university students (n=222) 5, 17 X X X Lacking basic needs was associated with less life satisfaction. (Stein et al., 2013) X
Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation, non-Hispanic pre-menopausal White women 42–52 in Oakland, Los Angeles, Newark, Pittsburgh, Chicago, Boston and Detroit 1 X Not associated with levels of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl synthetic compound substances (n=1302) (Park et al., 2019)
1 X Greater carotid intima media thickness and more plaque (n=1402), (Thurston et al., 2014) shorter sleep duration and more waking (n=1203) (Matthews et al., 2019) X
1 X Poorer sleep quality but not associated with time sleeping (n=368) (Hall et al., 2009) X X
1 X Higher odds of having a disability (n=376) (Karvonen-Gutierrez & Ylitalo, 2013) X
Sub-Saharan African immigrants 35+ with chronic illness in Washington, DC, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania (n=88) 1 X Poorer chronic illness self-care (Osokpo et al.)
Survey of Income and Program Participation, randomly samples adults 55+(n=20852) 3 X Higher odds of poor health (Li & Mutchler, 2019) X
Survey of Older Floridians, White, Black, Cuban, Latino adults65+ 1 X Poorer self-rated health among Cuban Americans (n=1471) (Jang et al., 2009) and non-Cuban Latino Americans, but not among those who were White or Black (n = 1,382) (Ko et al., 2014) X X
National Guard personnel (n=330) 1 X More posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, depressive symptoms, anger and insomnia symptoms (Russell et al., 2017)
Midwestern university students (n=157) 3 X X X Less academic and social integration and more psychological distress symptoms (Adams et al., 2016)
Midwestern university students (n=177) 22 X Less physical functioning, more role limitations, more fatigue, poorer social functioning and more pain, but not associated with emotional role limitations or emotional well-being (Northern et al., 2010)
Undocumented University of California students (n=508) 4 X X X X Poorer self-rated health (Enriquez et al., 2018)
Community-dwelling African American Medicare beneficiaries 65+ in Alabama (n=247) 1 X Poorer physical health-related and mental health-related quality of life (Clay et al., 2018) X X
Women with gynecologic cancers (n =334) 11 X X Higher risk of delaying/avoiding medical visits, prescriptions refills and buying over the counter medications or medical supplies (Esselen et al., 2021) X
Workers 25–64 (n=10,748) 1 X Higher odds of considering how much money was needed to retire, but not associated with having retirement account(s) (Fan et al., 2022) X
Utah pregnant women 18+at prenatal clinics (n=85) 1 X Higher levels of corticotropin releasing hormone at 20 weeks gestation (Latendresse & Ruiz, 2010)
Washington State home care workers (n=421) 3 X X Higher pain levels (Greenspan et al., 2021)
Post-partum women 18+ with live births (n=304) 10 X X Higher odds of poor self-rated health (McCloskey, 2022)
Women who delivered a live infant during COVID-19 pandemic in New York City (n=1179) 1 X X Not associated with the odds of changing fertility intention during the COVID-19 pandemic or pregnancy intention (Kahn et al., 2021) X
Mothers in low-income neighborhoods in Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio (n=2402) 5 X X X Larger body mass index (Ross & Hill, 2013) X
Women with HIV-related risk behaviors (n=592) 1 X Not associated with sexual risk scores (Batchelder et al., 2016) X
Women’s Health and Aging Study, community-dwelling women 65–79 in Baltimore 2 X Higher risk of being at risk for malnutrition (n=679) (Samuel et al., 2012) X X
1 X Higher levels of oxidative stress (n=728) (Palta et al., 2015) X X
Women’s Health Study; health professionals 45+ (n=24,809) 3 X X Not associated with odds of reporting a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation (Westcott et al., 2018) X
a

Two financial strain measures were used. If not specified, both were associated with study outcome.

b

Values differed based on sub-sample included.

c

Values differed across sub-domains.