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. 2025 Aug 8;19:1577899. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2025.1577899

FIGURE 2.

Brain scans showing electric field intensity in coronal, sagittal, and axial slices. Colors range from blue (low intensity) to red (high intensity), with a scale on the right indicating field intensity from zero to 0.22 volts per meter.

Current flow modeling during 1 mA transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) using the Explore software (Soterix Medical, New York, NY). Current-flow models of the right primary motor cortex (M1) are shown on 2D and 3D reconstructions of the cortical surface. Skin, skull, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) masks are suppressed to reveal the underlying gray matter mask. A head model derived from the MNI 152 dataset was used. The spatial profile of the current flow map is identical to that of tDCS; however, the field intensity is halved for the 1.0 mA peak-to-peak hf-tRNS.