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. 2025 Aug 8;19:1577899. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2025.1577899

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Copyright © 2025 Frankel, Friedman and Frenkel-Toledo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Two panels show a rearrangement of numbered white, red, and green circles. In the first panel, circles are labeled one to five, with a gray arrow pointing from red to green. In the second panel, the arrow points from green back to red. An arrow between the panels suggests movement. — Motor task. After placing the stylus on the center target (starting point) and remaining there for 200 ms, the center target’s color turned red and the color of one of the targets in the semicircle turned green, according to a predefined sequence. The participant dragged the pen on the target to the green target and held it there until its color returned to white. Note that for clarity the size of the targets shown in the figures are much larger than the targets used in the experiment.