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. 2025 Aug 8;19:1577899. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2025.1577899

TABLE 2.

Frequency and discomfort of adverse effects. Median values and interquartile ranges of discomfort are presented.

Adverse effect tRNS (n = 30) tDCS (n = 30) Sham (n = 30)
Frequency Discomfort Frequency Discomfort Frequency Discomfort
Tingling 2 (7%) 0 (0–3) 19 (63%) 2.5 (0–9) 23 (77%) 4 (0–7)
Itching 1 (3%) 0 (0–1) 8 (27%) 0 (0–8) 6 (20%) 0 (0–10)
Burning 0 (0%) 0 (0–0) 2 (7%) 0 (0–4) 2 (7%) 0 (0–7)
Other 2 (7%) 0 (0–3) 1 (3%) 0 (0–3) 1 (3%) 0 (0–2)

tRNS, transcranial random noise stimulation; tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation. Median values and ranges are presented.