TABLE 1.
Study cohort characteristics at baseline.
| Characteristics | All cohort | Low AWV users | Moderate AWV users | Regular AWV users |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of primary care patients | 24,549 (100%) | 3364 (13.7%) | 6793 (27.7%) | 14,392 (58.6%) |
| Individual characteristics | ||||
| Age: Median [Interquartile range] | 73 [69, 77] | 72 [68, 77] | 73 [69, 78] | 73 [69, 77] |
| Age (%) | ||||
| 66–74 | 14,885 (60.6%) | 2093 (62.2%) | 4071 (59.9%) | 8721 (60.6%) |
| 75–84 | 8052 (32.8%) | 1008 (30.0%) | 2210 (32.5%) | 4834 (33.6%) |
| 85+ | 1612 (6.6%) | 263 (7.8%) | 512 (7.5%) | 837 (5.8%) |
| Female % | 14,690 (59.8%) | 1921 (57.1%) | 4135 (60.9%) | 8634 (60.0%) |
| Race/ethnicity, % | ||||
| Hispanic | 265 (1.1%) | 88 (2.6%) | 91 (1.3%) | 86 (0.6%) |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 2736 (11.1%) | 577 (17.2%) | 902 (13.3%) | 1257 (8.7%) |
| White, non-Hispanic | 21,057 (85.8%) | 2630 (78.2%) | 5640 (83.0%) | 12,787 (88.8%) |
| Other | 367 (1.5%) | 58 (1.7%) | 112 (1.6%) | 197 (1.4%) |
| Unknown | 124 (0.5%) | 11 (0.3%) | 48 (0.7%) | 65 (0.5%) |
| Number of comorbidities | ||||
| 0–1 | 6479 (26.4%) | 819 (24.3%) | 1597 (23.5%) | 4063 (28.2%) |
| 2–3 | 9905 (40.3%) | 1237 (36.8%) | 2647 (39.0%) | 6021 (41.8%) |
| 4 or more | 8165 (33.3%) | 1308 (38.9%) | 2549 (37.5%) | 4308 (29.9%) |
| Individual annual E&M visits, primary care | ||||
| 0–2 | 9118 (37.1%) | 1309 (38.9%) | 2399 (35.3%) | 5410 (37.6%) |
| 3–5 | 10,171 (41.4%) | 1163 (34.6%) | 2722 (40.1%) | 6286 (43.7%) |
| 6 or more | 5260 (21.4%) | 892 (26.5%) | 1672 (24.6%) | 2696 (18.7%) |
| Individual annual E&M visits, specialty | ||||
| 0 | 10,242 (41.7%) | 1312 (39.0%) | 2645 (38.9%) | 6285 (43.7%) |
| 1–3 | 8336 (34.0%) | 1146 (34.1%) | 2356 (34.7%) | 4834 (33.6%) |
| 4 or more | 5971 (24.3%) | 906 (26.9%) | 1792 (26.4%) | 3273 (22.7%) |
| Physician/Clinic characteristics | ||||
| Physician annual E&M volume | ||||
| 10–800 | 6522 (26.6%) | 1609 (47.8%) | 2096 (30.9%) | 2817 (19.6%) |
| 801–1500 | 7057 (28.7%) | 712 (21.2%) | 1805 (26.6%) | 4540 (31.5%) |
| 1501 + | 10,970 (44.7%) | 1043 (31.0%) | 2892 (42.6%) | 7035 (48.9%) |
| Clinic annual E&M volume | ||||
| 30–4000 | 9026 (36.8%) | 1330 (39.5%) | 2509 (36.9%) | 5187 (36.0%) |
| 4001–7000 | 7587 (30.9%) | 1372 (40.8%) | 2712 (39.9%) | 3503 (24.3%) |
| 7001 + | 7936 (32.3%) | 662 (19.7%) | 1572 (23.1%) | 5702 (39.6%) |
| Clinic specialty | ||||
| Family medicine | 12,776 (52.0%) | 1785 (53.1%) | 3728 (54.9%) | 7263 (50.5%) |
| Geriatric medicine | 244 (1.0%) | 174 (5.2%) | 56 (0.8%) | 14 (0.1%) |
| Internal medicine | 11,529 (47.0%) | 1405 (41.8%) | 3009 (44.3%) | 7115 (49.4%) |
| Residence area characteristics | ||||
| Proportion of beneficiaries in zip code with | ||||
| Poverty rate >= 20% | 5136 (20.9%) | 842 (25.0%) | 1391 (20.5%) | 2903 (20.2%) |
| SNAP use >=20% | 2493 (10.2%) | 483 (14.4%) | 707 (10.4%) | 1303 (9.1%) |
| >=20% adults aged 25+ with less than high school | 5347 (21.8%) | 745 (22.1%) | 1449 (21.3%) | 3153 (21.9%) |
| education | ||||
| >=40% non-White population | 6566 (26.7%) | 1067 (31.7%) | 1997 (29.4%) | 3502 (24.3%) |
| Nearest healthcare clinic > = 6 miles away | 6404 (26.1%) | 785 (23.3%) | 1752 (25.8%) | 3867 (26.9%) |
Note: The baseline date was 1/1/2018.
Abbreviations: AWV, annual wellness visit; E & M, evaluation and management; SNAP, supplemental nutrition assistance program.