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TGF-β 1 modulated dendritic cell phenotype and T lymphocyte activation. TGF-β 1 is produced by monocytes or macrophages, T lymphocytes or granulocytes, or is provided exogenously as a means of immunotherapy. Dendritic cells that encounter TGF-β 1 down-regulate expression of CD80, CD86, TLR4 and, importantly, CCR7. Low expression of CCR7 inhibits MIP-3β-induced migration to lymph nodes. Therefore, T lymphocyte stimulation is inhibited.
