| key properties |
high water content, biocompatibility,
flexibility |
biodegradable, tunable viscosity, and ionic
conductivity |
adjustable ionic conductivity, thermal
stability, low volatility |
| enzyme stabilization |
good in aqueous environments, sensitive to pH and temperature |
enhances enzyme stability in harsh conditions |
excellent for electron transfer, maintains enzyme structure
in harsh conditions |
| biocompatibility |
high biocompatibility, safe for in vivo use |
biodegradable,
generally biocompatible |
variable depending on formulation,
potential toxicity in some
ILs |
| electrochemical properties |
moderate ionic conductivity, limits performance |
tunable
ionic conductivity, improves sensor sensitivity |
excellent
electron transfer, enhances redox reactions |
| advantages |
ease of enzyme immobilization, structural
stability |
green chemistry, improves enzyme stability
and sensor sensitivity |
enhances sensitivity and selectivity,
excellent long-term stability |
| limitations |
limited ionic conductivity, sensitive to environmental changes |
scalability challenges, limited exploration in biological samples |
high viscosity, potential toxicity, costly for large-scale
use |
| applications in biosensors |
glucose and lactate biosensors, implantable devices |
cholesterol, uric acid, and other enzyme-based biosensors |
glucose, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide sensors |
| cost |
low to moderate |
moderate,
but scalability could affect cost |
high (depends on type
of IL) |
| scalability |
high scalability
for bioelectronics |
moderate, still under development
for large-scale use |
limited by the high cost and complexity
of synthesis |
| environmental impact |
biodegradable, environmentally friendly |
eco-friendly,
biodegradable |
some ILs may pose environmental risks,
nonbiodegradable |
